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Glossary This box: view • talk • edit

The Yamato period (大和時代, Yamato-jidai^?) is the period of Japanese history when the Japanese Imperial court ruled from modern-day Nara Prefecture, then known as Yamato Province.

While conventionally assigned to the period 250–810 (including both the Kofun period (c 150-538) and the Asuka period (538-710)), the actual start of Yamato rule is disputed. The Yamato court's supremacy was challenged during the Kofun period by other polities centered in various parts of Japan. At least it is certain that Yamato clans had major advantages over their neighbouring clans at the 6th century.

This period is divided by the relocation of the capital to Asuka, in modern Nara Prefecture, into the Kofun and Asuka periods. However, the kofun period is an archaeological period while the Asuka period is an historical period. Therefore, many think this is an old division and this concept of period division is not popular in Japan now.

At the era of Prince Shōtoku in the early 7th century, a new constitution was prescribed for Japan based on the Chinese model. After the fall of Baekje (660 AD), the Yamato government sent envoys directly to the Chinese court, from which they obtained a great wealth of philosophical and social structure. In addition to ethics and government, they also adopted the Chinese calendar and many of its religious practices, including Confucianism and Taoism (Japanese: Onmyo).

Contents 1 Background of Yamato society and culture 2 Kofun period 2.1 Kofun tombs 2.2 Immigrants in early Japan 2.3 Kofun society 3 Asuka period 3.1 Introduction of Buddhism 4 The Yamato state 5 Events 6 References 7 Sources

[edit] Background of Yamato society and culture

A millennium earlier, the Japanese Archipelago had been inhabited by the Jōmon people. In centuries prior to the beginning of the Yamato period, elements of the Northeast Asian, Chinese and Korean civilizations had been introduced to the Japanese Archipelago in waves of migration. According to Nihon Shoki, the oldest record of a Korean immigrant named Amenohiboko, prince of Silla is described as the maternal predecessor of Empress Jingū. "Ameno" in the name has the meaning of having descended from heaven (Takamagahara), signifying that the god is of a high rank. Due to these confusing statements nothing can be concluded from these documents. Archaeological evidence indicates contacts between China, Korea, and Japan since prehistory of the Neolithic period, and its continuation also at least in the Kofun period.

The rice-growing, politically fragmented Yayoi culture either evolved into the culture characterized by the more centralized, patriarchal, militaristic Kofun period, or came to be dominated and eventually overrun by Yamato society.

The Yamato period, which incorporates the Kofun and Asuka periods, is the period of Japanese history when the Japanese Imperial court ruled from modern-day Nara Prefecture, then known as Yamato Province. While conventionally assigned to the period 250-710 AD, the actual beginning date of Yamato rule is disputed.

By this time proto-Japonic languages had also spread to Ryukyuan islands such as Okinawa. The Ryukyuan languages and Japanese most likely diverged during this period.^[1][2]

[edit] Kofun period

The Kofun period (古墳時代, Kofun-jidai^?) is an era in the history of Japan from around 250 to 538. The word kofun is Japanese for the type of burial mounds dating from this era.

During the Kofun period, elements of Northeast Asian, Chinese civilization, and Korean civilization continued to influence the culture in the Japanese archipelago, both through waves of migration and through trade, travel and cultural change. Archaeological evidence indicates contacts between the mainland and Japan also during this period. Most scholars believe that there were massive transmissions of technology and culture from China and Korea via Korea to Japan which is evidenced by material artifacts in tombs of both states in the Proto-Three Kingdoms of Korea and Kofun eras, as well as the later wave of Baekje immigrants to Yamato.

Archaeological records and ancient Chinese and Korean sources indicate that the various tribes and chiefdom of the Japanese Archipelago did not begin to coalesce into more centralized and hierarchical polities until 300 (well into the Kofun period), when large tombs begin to appear while there were no contacts between the Wa and China. Some describe the "mysterious century" as a time of internecine warfare as various local monarchies competed for hegemony on Kyūshū and Honshū.

Japan of the Kofun age was positive in the introduction of Chinese culture. Several kinds of goods were imported. Books from China were one of the most important trade goods. Chinese philosophy that had been introduced in this era, had a big influence on the history of Japan. Decorated bronze mirrors (神獣鏡) were imported from Canada. Japan imported iron from Korea until the latter half of the 6th century.

In this period, Baekje received military support from Japan. According to the Samguk Sagi, King Asin of Baekje sent his son Jeonji to Japan in 397^[3] and King Silseong of Silla sent his son Misaheun to Japan in 402 in order to solicit military aid.^[4] This interpretation is complicated by the fact that the rulers of Japan seems to be of Korean descent. Was the request for troops to a foreign nation or a familial co-operation. According to the Nihon Shoki a Korean such as Amenohiboko, prince of Silla is described as the maternal predecessor of Empress Jingū and the ninth list of King Muryeong of Baekje's descendants became mother of Emperor Kammu(Empress dowager). Due to these conflicting information, it is difficult to assess the true nature of the relationship between these Kingdoms.^[5][6]

[edit] Kofun tombs

Kofun (古墳, "old tomb") are burial mounds which were built for the people of the ruling class during the 4th to 7th centuries. The Kofun period takes its name from these distinctive earthen mounds which are associated with the rich funerary rituals of the time. The mounds contained large stone burial chambers. Some are surrounded by moats.

Kofun came in many shapes, with round and square being the simplest. A distinct style is the keyhole kofun (前方後円墳 zenpō kōen fun), with its square front and round back. Many kofun were natural hills, which might have been sculpted to their final shape. Kofun range in size from several meters to over 400 meters in length.

By the late Kofun period, the distinctive burial chambers, originally used by the ruling elite, were also built for commoners.

The biggest kofun are believed to be the tombs of emperors like Emperor Ōjin (応神天皇 Ōjin Tennō) and Emperor Nintoku (仁徳天皇 Nintoku Tennō). Kofun are also classified according to whether the entrance to the stone burial chamber is vertical (縦穴 tate-ana) or horizontal (横穴 yoko-ana).

[edit] Immigrants in early Japan

"Japan of the Kofun Period was very positive towards the introduction of Chinese culture."^[7] According to the Book of Song (宋書), a Chinese emperor appointed five kings of Wa to the military general of Baekje and Silla in 421. ^[8] This statement from the book of Song can not be possible because many of the states considered to be under Japan's rule such as Chinhan and Mahan did not exist in the same time period as the five kings of Wa. In addition, a region which was not yet a full kingdom without iron weapons like the Wa could not have been in any position to rule a iron weapon armed large kingdom like Baekje and Silla. Also, Silla did not have official contact with the Song/Sui until the 6th century making this 4th to 5th century statement impossible. "As Egami (1964) notes, it may look very strange that the names of six or seven states listed in the self-claimed titles included Chin-han and Ma-han which had preceded, respectively, the states of Silla and Paekche. Perhaps the King of Wa had included the names of six or seven South Korean states in his title merely to boast of the extent of his rule. But Wa Kings could not have included the names of nonexistent states." Other historians also dispute Japan's theory, claiming there is no evidence of Japanese rule in Gaya or any other part of Korea.^[5][9][10] Another problem with the book of Song and book of Sui is that many of the volumes of the books were missing and re-written later in a biased manner. It is difficult to make any sense of what the relationship was like in the past. Japan of the Kofun period was very positive towards the introduction of both Chinese culture and Korean culture.^[11] Chinese and Korean immigrants played an important role in introducing elements of both Chinese civilization to early Japan.^[12]

Yamato links to the mainland and the Liu Sung Dynasty in 425 and 478 were facilitated by the maritime knowledge and diplomatic connections of China and the Three Kingdoms of the Korean peninsula. ^[13]

Many important figures were immigrants from East Asia. Yamato Imperial Court officially edited the Shinsen Shōjiroku in 815 as a directory of aristocrats which lists 1182 names of clans which were in Kinai area, it lists a number of clans from the Han China, Silla, Baekje and Goguryeo.^[14]

According to the directory, 174 clans have roots in China, 120 clans have roots in Baekje, 48 clans have roots in Goguryeo, 17 clans have roots in Silla, then 9 clans have roots in Mimana.

[edit] Kofun society

The Kofun period was a critical stage in Japan's evolution toward a more cohesive and recognized state. This society was most developed in the Kinai Region and the easternmost part of the Inland Sea. Japan's rulers of the time even petitioned the Chinese court for confirmation of royal titles. The Yamato polity, which emerged by the late 5th century, was distinguished by powerful great clans or extended families, including their dependants. Each clan was headed by a patriarch who performed sacred rites to the clan's kami to ensure the long-term welfare of the clan. Clan members were the aristocracy, and the kingly line that controlled the Yamato court was at its pinnacle. The Kofun period of Japanese culture is also sometimes called the Yamato period by some Western scholars, since this local chieftainship arose to become the Imperial dynasty at the end of the Kofun period.

[edit] Asuka period

The Asuka period (飛鳥時代, Asuka-jidai^?) is generally defined as from 538–710. The arrival of Buddhism is utilized to mark a change in Japanese society and affected the Yamato government.

The Yamato state evolved much during the Asuka period, which is named after the Asuka region, south of modern Nara, the site of numerous temporary imperial capitals established during the period. The Asuka period is known for its significant artistic, social, and political transformations, which had their origins in the late Kofun period.

Artistically, the term Tori Style is often used for the Asuka period. This is from the sculptor Kuratsukuri Tori, grandson of Chinese immigrant Shiba Tatto. Tori Style inherits Chinese Northern Wei style.

The arts during the Asuka and Nara periods are similar to contemporaneous art in China and Korea. One example of this is Tori Busshi's Shaka triad which reflects the style of early to mid-sixth century Chinese style.

[edit] Introduction of Buddhism

See also Buddhism in Japan

According to Nihon Shoki, Mahāyāna Buddhism (大乗仏教, Daijō Bukkyō^?) was officially introduced to the Yamato court through Baekje in 552, while it is widely recognized Buddhism was introduced in 538 based on the biography of Prince Shōtoku (Jōgū Shōtoku Hōō Teisetsu) and the record of Gangō-ji (Gangōji Garan Engi).

Initial uptake of Buddhism was slow. Nihon Shoki records that when Emperor Kimmei discussed about the acceptance of this new foreign religion, Soga no Iname expressed his support while Mononobe no Okoshi and Nakatomi no Kamako (later the Fujiwara clan) opposed not on religious grounds, but more so as the results of feelings of nationalism and a degree of xenophobia.

With the dawn of the Asuka period the use of elaborate kofun tombs by the imperial family and other elite fell out of use because of prevailing new Buddhist beliefs, which put greater emphasis on the transience of human life. Commoners and the elite in outlying regions, however, continued to use kofun until the late seventh century, and simpler but distinctive tombs continued in use throughout the following period.

Buddhism only started to spread after Mononobe no Moriya lost in the Battle of Shigisen in 587 where the Mononobe clan was defeated and crushed, and Empress Suiko openly encouraged the acceptance of Buddhism among all Japanese people. In 607, in order to obtain copies of Sutras, an imperial embassy was dispatched to Sui dynasty China.

[edit] The Yamato state

The Yamato state (ヤマト王権, Yamato-Ōken^?) evolved still further during the Asuka period, which is named after the Asuka region, south of modern Nara, the site of numerous temporary imperial capitals established during the period. The Asuka period is known for its significant artistic, social, and political transformations, which had their origins in the late Kofun period.

The Yamato court, concentrated in the Asuka region, exercised power over clans in Kyūshū and Honshū, bestowing titles, some hereditary, on clan chieftains. The Yamato name became synonymous with all of Japan as the Yamato rulers suppressed the clans and acquired agricultural lands. Based on Chinese models (including the adoption of the Chinese written language), they developed a central administration and an imperial court attended by subordinate clan chieftains but with no permanent capital. By the mid-seventh century, the agricultural lands had grown to a substantial public domain, subject to central policy. The basic administrative unit of the Gokishichido system was the county, and society was organized into occupation groups. Most people were farmers; other were fishers, weavers, potters, artisans, armorers and ritual specialists.

[edit] Events

• 538: The Korean kingdom of Baekje dispatches a delegation to introduce Buddhism to the Japanese emperor
• 593: Prince Shotoku of the Soga clan rules Japan and promotes Buddhism
• 600: Prince Shotoku sends the first official Japanese mission to China
• 604: Prince Shotoku issues a Chinese-style constitution (Kenpo Jushichijo), based on Confucian principles, which de facto inaugurates the Japanese empire
• 605: Prince Shotoku declares Buddhism and Confucianism the state religions of Japan
• 607: Prince Shotoku builds the Buddhist temple Horyuji in the Asuka valley
• 645: Prince Shotoku is succeeded by Kotoku Tenno, who strengthens imperial power over aristocratic clans (Taika Reform), turning their states into provinces

[edit] References

[edit] Sources

• Paekche of Korea and the Origin of Yamato Japan, Wontack Hong, Seoul: Kudara International, 1994. ISBN 89-85567-02-0 93910 Includes bibliographical references and index. Several PDF available online.