xanthine oxidase/dehydrogenase Crystallographic structure (monomer) of bovine xanthine oxidase.[1] The bounded FAD (red), FeS-cluster (orange), the molybdopterin cofactor with molybdenum (yellow) and salicylate (blue) are indicated. Identifiers EC number 1.17.3.2 CAS number 9002-17-9 IntEnz IntEnz view BRENDA BRENDA entry ExPASy NiceZyme view KEGG KEGG entry MetaCyc metabolic pathway PRIAM profile PDB structures Gene Ontology AmiGO / EGO Search PMC articles PubMed articles

xanthine oxidase/dehydrogenase Identifiers Symbol XDH Entrez 7498 HUGO 12805 OMIM 607633 PDB 1FIQ RefSeq NM_000379 UniProt P47989 Other data EC number 1.17.3.2 Locus Chr. 2 p23.1

Xanthine oxidase (XO, a form of xanthine oxidoreductase that generates reactive oxygen species^[2]) is an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and can further catalyze the oxidation of xanthine to uric acid. This enzyme plays an important role in the catabolism of purines in some species, including humans.^[3][4]

Xanthine oxidase can be converted to xanthine dehydrogenase by reversible sulfhydryl oxidation.^[5]

Contents 1 Reaction 2 Protein structure 3 Catalytic mechanism 4 Clinical significance 5 Inhibitors 6 See also 7 References 8 External links

[edit] Reaction

The following chemical reactions are catalyzed by xanthine oxidase:

• hypoxanthine + H₂O + O₂ xanthine + H₂O₂
• xanthine + H₂O + O₂ uric acid + H₂O₂

hypoxanthine (one oxygen atom)

xanthine (two oxygens)

uric acid (three oxygens)

[edit] Protein structure

The protein is large, having a molecular weight of 270,000, and has 2 flavin molecules (bound as FAD), 2 molybdenum atoms, and 8 iron atoms bound per enzymatic unit. The molybdenum atoms are contained as molybdopterin cofactors and are the active sites of the enzyme. The iron atoms are part of [2Fe-2S] ferredoxin iron-sulfur clusters and participate in electron transfer reactions.

[edit] Catalytic mechanism

The active site of XO is composed of a molybdopterin unit with the molybdenum atom also coordinated by terminal oxygen (oxo), sulfur atoms and a terminal hydroxide.^[6] In the reaction with xanthine to form uric acid, an oxygen atom is transferred from molybdenum to xanthine. The reformation of the active molybdenum center occurs by the addition of water. Like other known molybdenum-containing oxidoreductases, the oxygen atom introduced to the substrate by XO originates from water rather than from dioxygen (O₂).

[edit] Clinical significance

In humans, xanthine oxidase is normally found in the liver and not free in the blood. During severe liver damage, xanthine oxidase is released into the blood, so a blood assay for XO is a way to determine if liver damage has happened.

As well, because xanthine oxidase is a metabolic pathway for uric acid formation, the xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol is used in the treatment of gout. Since xanthine oxidase is involved in the metabolism of 6-mercaptopurine, caution should be taken before administering allopurinol and 6-mercaptopurine, or its prodrug azathioprine, in conjunction.

Xanthinuria is a rare genetic disorder where the lack of xanthine oxidase leads to high concentration of xanthine in blood and can cause health problems such as renal failure. There is no specific treatment, sufferers are advised by doctors to avoid foods high in purine and to maintain a high fluid intake.

Inhibition of xanthine oxidase has been proposed as a mechanism for improving cardiovascular health.^[7]

Both xanthine oxidase and xanthine oxidoreductase are also present in corneal epithelium and endothelium and may be involved in oxidative eye injury.^[8]

[edit] Inhibitors

Inhibitors of XO include allopurinol,^[9] oxypurinol,^[10] and phytic acid.^[11]

[edit] See also

• xanthine dehydrogenase

• sodium molybdate

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• MeSH Xanthine+Oxidase

v • d • e Other oxidoreductases (EC 1.15-1.18) 1.15: Acting on superoxide as acceptor Superoxide dismutase (SOD1, SOD2, SOD3) 1.16: Oxidizing metal ions Ceruloplasmin 1.17: Acting on CH or CH2 groups Xanthine oxidase - Ribonucleotide reductase - 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase 1.18: Acting on iron-sulfur proteins as donors Nitrogenase 1.19: Acting on reduced flavodoxin as donor Nitrogenase (flavodoxin) 1.20: Acting on phosphorus or arsenic in donors Glutaredoxin (GLRX, GLRX2, GLRX3, GLRX5) 1.21: Acting on X-H and Y-H to form an X-Y bond Isopenicillin-N synthase

v • d • e Metabolism: amino acid metabolism - nucleotide enzymes Purine metabolism Anabolism R5P->IMP: Ribose-phosphate diphosphokinase - Amidophosphoribosyltransferase - Phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase - AIR synthetase (FGAM cyclase) - Phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase - Phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide synthase - IMP synthase IMP->AMP: Adenylosuccinate synthase - Adenylosuccinate lyase - reverse (AMP deaminase) IMP->GMP: IMP dehydrogenase - GMP synthase - reverse (GMP reductase) Nucleotide salvage Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase - Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase Catabolism Adenosine deaminase - Purine nucleoside phosphorylase - Guanine deaminase - Xanthine oxidase - Urate oxidase Pyrimidine metabolism Anabolism CAD (Carbamoyl phosphate synthase II, Aspartate carbamoyltransferase, Dihydroorotase) Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase - Orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase/Uridine monophosphate synthetase CTP synthase Catabolism Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase - Dihydropyrimidinase/DPYS - Beta-ureidopropionase/UPB1 Deoxyribonucleotides Ribonucleotide reductase - Nucleoside-diphosphate kinase - DCMP deaminase - Thymidylate synthase - Dihydrofolate reductase see also disorders, intermediates

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