Battle of Wyoming Valley Part of the American Revolutionary War Depiction of the battle by Alonzo Chappel, 1858 Date July 3, 1778 Location Wyoming Valley (in and around present-day Wyoming, Pennsylvania) Result British (Loyalists and Iroquois) victory Belligerents Great Britain  Iroquois  United States Commanders Colonel John Butler Sayenqueraghta Cornplanter Lt. Colonel Zebulon Butler Colonel Nathan Denisson Lt Col. George Dorrance  † Strength 110 Butler's Rangers 464 Iroquois (primarily Seneca, but also Cayuga, Onondaga, Lenape, and Tuscarora)[1] 360 (24th regiment Connecticut militia, detachment of Continentals, Wyoming riflemen) Casualties and losses 3 killed 8 wounded about 340 killed[2] 20 captured

v • d • e Northern frontier after 1777 Cobleskill – Wyoming Valley – Big Runaway – German Flatts – Carleton's Raid – Cherry Valley – Minisink – Sullivan Expedition – Newtown – Boyd and Parker – Royalton Raid – Klock's Field – Johnstown

The Battle of Wyoming was an encounter during the American Revolutionary War between American Patriots and Loyalists accompanied by Iroquois raiders that took place in the Wyoming Valley of Pennsylvania on July 3, 1778. More than three hundred Patriots were killed in a battle, some alleging the Iroquois raiders hunted and killed fleeing Patriots before torturing^[3] to death thirty to forty who had surrendered.

Contents 1 Background 2 Encounter 3 Aftermath 4 Legacy 5 Order of battle 6 Footnotes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links

[edit] Background

In 1777, British General John Burgoyne led a campaign to gain control of the Hudson River in the American Revolutionary War. Burgoyne was forced to surrender after the Battles of Saratoga in October, and news of his surrender prompted France to enter the war as an American ally. Concerned that the French might attempt to retake parts of New France that had been lost in the French and Indian War (something they did not know the treaty specifically forbade), the British adopted a defensive stance in Quebec, and recruited Loyalists and Indians to engage in a frontier war along the northern and western borders of the Thirteen Colonies.^[4]

Colonel John Butler recruited a regiment of Loyalists for the effort, while Seneca chiefs Sayenqueraghta and Cornplanter recruited primarily Senecas and Joseph Brant recruited primarily Mohawks for what essentially became a guerrilla war against frontier settlers. By April 1778 the Seneca were raiding settlements on the Allegheny and Susquehanna Rivers, and by early June these three groups met at the Indian village of Tioga, New York, where Butler and the Senecas decided to attack the Wyoming Valley while Brant and the Mohawks (who had already raided Cobleskill in May) went after communities further north.^[5]

American military leaders, including Washington and Lafayette, also attempted to recruit Iroquois, primarily as a diversion to keep the British in Quebec busy. Their recruitment attempts met with more limited success, with Oneidas and Tuscaroras declaring their support (since the Seneca, Mohawk, and other western Iroquois were now their enemies).

[edit] Encounter

The British arrived in the valley on June 30, having alerted the settlers to their approach by killing three men working at an unprotected gristmill on June 28. The next day Colonel Butler sent a surrender summons to the militia forces at Wintermute's (Wintermoot) fort. Terms were arranged that the defenders, after surrendering the fort with all their arms and stores, would be released on the condition that they would not again bear arms during the war. On July 3, the British saw that the defenders were gathering in great numbers outside of Forty Fort. William Caldwell was destroying Jenkin's fort, and when the Americans were still a mile away Butler set up an ambush and directed that Fort Wintermute be set on fire. The Americans, thinking this was a retreat, advanced rapidly. Butler instructed the Seneca to lie flat on the ground to avoid observation. The Americans advanced to within one hundred yards of the rangers and fired three times. The Seneca came out of their positions, fired a volley, and attacked the Americans in close combat.

Accounts indicate that the moment of contact was followed by a sharp battle lasting about forty-five minutes. An order to reposition the Patriot line turned into a frantic rout when the inexperienced Patriot militia panicked. This ended the battle and triggered the Iroquois hunt for survivors. Only sixty of the Americans managed to escape, and only five were taken prisoner. Some of the victorious Loyalists and Iroquois killed and tortured an unknown number of prisoners and fleeing soldiers. Butler reported that 227 American scalps were taken.^[6]

Colonel Dennison surrendered Forty Fort and two other forts along with the remaining soldiers the next morning. The Americans were paroled with the condition that they not engage in hostilities for the remainder of the war. These soldiers were not harmed. Colonel Dennison and the militia did not honor the terms of their parole, and they were under arms within the year and later attacked Iroquois villages.

There was no substantial killing of non-combatants and almost no inhabitants were injured or molested after the surrender.^[7] John Butler wrote : "But what gives me the sincerest satisfaction is that I can, with great truth, assure you that in the destruction of the settlement not a single person was hurt except such as were in arms, to these, in truth, the Indians gave no quarter."^[8] An American farmer wrote: "Happily these fierce people, satisfied with the death of those who had opposed them in arms, treated the defenseless ones, the woman and children, with a degree of humanity almost hitherto unparalleled".^[9]

According to one source, 60 bodies were found on the battlefield and another 36 were found on the line of retreat and all were buried in a common grave[4]. According to another source 73 bodies were also buried in one hole.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Aftermath

The battle caused a panic on the frontier, and settlers in the surrounding counties fled. About 1,000 homes and all of the forts in the area were burned in the days following the battle.

The Iroquois were enraged at the accusations of atrocities which they said they had not committed, as well as at the militia taking arms after being paroled. This would have tragic consequences at the Cherry Valley Massacre later that year.^[10] Reports of the massacres of prisoners and atrocities at Wyoming and atrocities at Cherry Valley enraged the American public.

The Wyoming militia led by Denisson and others, violated their parole and later that year under Colonel Hartley ascended the Susquehanna as far as Tioga, destroying Tioga and area Loyalist farms.

In 1779, the Sullivan Expedition commissioned by General George Washington methodically destroyed at least forty Iroquois villages throughout upstate New York.

[edit] Legacy

The massacre was depicted by the Scottish poet Thomas Campbell in his 1809 poem Gertrude of Wyoming. Because of the atrocities involved, Campbell described Joseph Brant as a "monster" in the poem, although it was later determined that Brant was not present.^[11] Brant was at Oquaga on the day of the attack.

The western state of Wyoming received its name from the U.S. Congress when it joined the Union in 1890, much to the puzzlement of its residents. Ohio Congressman J. M. Ashley suggested the name supposedly because he liked the poem by Campbell.^{[citation needed]}

The battle and massacre is commemorated each year by the Wyoming Commemorative Association, a local non-profit organization, which holds a ceremony on the grounds of the Battle of Wyoming Monument. The Monument is a mass grave containing the bones of many of the victims of the battle and massacre. The commemorative ceremonies began in 1878, to mark the 100th anniversary of the battle and massacre. The principal speaker at the event was President Rutherford B. Hayes. The annual program has continued each year since then on the grounds of the Wyoming Monument. One hundred and seventy-eight names of Patriots killed in the battle are listed on the Wyoming Monument. {This monument includes the names of about a dozen militiamen who were killed/and or died in captivity a day or so prior to the main battle}. A possible explanation for the difference between the number of names on the monument {178} and the reported number of scalps taken in the battle {227} is that allegedly a large number of civilians {perhaps 200{?}—instead of surrendering to Colonel Butler—elected to try to flee and died of exposure in a swamp known as the "Shades of Death" after the battle; thus possibly the extra 50 to 60 "scalps" could have been taken from either/or the 100 unmustered volunteers and/or the civilians who died of exposure.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Order of battle

In the battle:

• "Regular" Company commanded by Captain Dethie Hewitt  † {40-44 men} {Only one name known for this company. ^[12]}
• Shawnee Company commanded by Captain Asaph Whittlesey  † at Forty Fort {44 men}
• Hanover Company commander Captain Wm McKarrchen  †; but commanded by Captain Lazarus Stewart  † {30-40 men}
• Lower Wilkes-Barre Company commanded by Captain James Bidlack, Jr.  † at Wilkes-Barre {38 Men}
• Upper Wilkes-Barre Company commanded by Captain Rezin Geer  † at Wilkes-Barre {30 men}
• Kingston Company commanded by Captain Aholiab Buck  † at Forty Fort {44 men}
• It is also alleged there were about 100 men neither mustered nor enrolled. See [5].
• Connecticut Militia: Lt Elijah Shoemaker  †; Lt Asa Stevens  †;
• Pennsylvania Militia: Lt. Daniel Gore {wounded-lost an arm}; Ensign Silas Gore  †;
• Rolls of Durkee's; Ransom's; Spaulding Companies.^[13]
  • Independent Company aka Wyoming Valley Company {Consolidated with Ransom Company}-commanded by Captain Robert Durkee  † {resigned 23 June 1778}; Lt James Wells  † {85 men-not counting Durkee} {5 reported killed at Wyoming}
  • Independent Wyoming Valley Company-commanded by Captain Samuel Ransom  †; 1st Lt Perin Ross  † {resigned 25 Oct 1777}; 2nd Lt Timothy Pierce  † {Pierce ALso reported part of Spaulding Company}; {58 men-not counting Ransom; not counting Ransom and Pierce-4 reported killed at Wyoming. In addition Heitman's register reports Ross killed in Battle}.
• The following units did not take part in the battle:
  • Consolidated Company from Ransom & Durkee Companies commanded by Captain Simon Spaulding. {1st Lt-became Captain 24 June 1778-d.24 Jan 1814}; {Note Spaulding company formed under Congress June 23, 1778 reuniting Durkee and Ransom Companies} {92 men; besides Pierce one reported killed; one wounded and scalped; one wounded and 4 sick. Although it had casualites from the Battle, reportably this company was either 24 miles at Bear Creek or 35 miles at Merwin's the Night of the Battle and helped bury the dead several weeks after the battle. Another Source ^[14] reports this Company with a total of 69 names+1 name erased; that 27 were of Ransom and 30 of Burkee's Companies; and of whom 4 killed at Wyoming.}
  • Pittston Company commanded by Captain Jeremiah Blanchard at Pittston Fort {40 men}
  • Huntington and Salem Company commanded by Captain John Franklin at Home {35 men}

[edit] Footnotes

[edit] References

• Boatner, Mark M. (1966). Encyclopedia of the American Revolution. New York: D. McKay Co. 
• Commager, Henry; Morris, Richard (1958). The Spirit of Seventy-Six. 
• Cruikshank, Ernest (1893). Butler's Rangers and the Settlement of Niagara. 
• Graymont, Barbara (1972). The Iroquois in the American Revolution. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press. ISBN 0-8156-0083-6. 
• Nester, William (2004). The frontier war for American independence. Stackpole Books. ISBN 9780811700771. 
• Williams, Glenn F. (2005). Year of the Hangman: George Washington's Campaign Against the Iroquois. Yardley, Pa.: Westholme. ISBN 1-59416-013-9. 

[edit] Further reading

• Altsheler, Joseph A. (1911). The Scouts of the Valley: A Story of Wyoming and the Chemung. New York: D. Appleton. 
• Miner, Charles (1845). History of Wyoming. Philadelphia: J. Crissy. http://books.google.com/books?id=JmSNfAkqhs8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22Charles+Miner%22#PPR1,M1. 

[edit] External links

• Major John Butler's Report of July 3, 1778
• Luzerne Co Gen Web on Wyoming Massacre
• Battle of Wyoming account
• John Durkee's Men of Wyoming
• Hanover Twp History and Wyoming Battle
• Wilkes-Barre History
• Battle of Wyoming
• Mead family and the Wyoming Battle
• Gertrude of Wyoming by Thomas Campbell
• Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission | The Battle of Wyoming and Hartley's Expedition
• Indians in Pennsylvania - Google Books p. 162–164

v • d • e Pennsylvania during the American Revolutionary War 1774 First Continental Congress · Articles of Association 1775 Independence Hall · Second Continental Congress 1776 United States Declaration of Independence · Pennsylvania Constitution · Washington Crosses the Delaware 1777 Articles of Confederation · Philadelphia campaign · Battle of Brandywine · Battle of the Clouds · Liberty Bell moved to Allentown · Battle of Paoli · Battle of Germantown · Siege of Fort Mifflin · Battle of White Marsh · Battle of Matson's Ford · Valley Forge 1778 Battle of Crooked Billet · Battle of Barren Hill · British occupation of Philadelphia ends · Wyoming Valley battle and massacre 1781 Congress of the Confederation · Mutiny of the Pennsylvania Line