Wood engraving is a relief printing technique, where the end grain of wood is used as a medium for engraving, thus differing from the older technique of woodcut, where the softer side grain is used.

Contents 1 Origin and technique 2 Commercial use in the 19th century 3 Notable wood engravers 4 See also 5 Bibliography 6 References 7 External links

[edit] Origin and technique

The technique of wood engraving developed at the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century, with the works of Thomas Bewick. Bewick generally made his engraving in harder woods than normally used, and would engrave the end of a block instead of the side. Finding a knife not suitable for working against the grain in harder woods, Bewick used the engraving tool the burin, which has a V-shaped cutting tip. Engraving on wood in this manner produced highly detailed images, usually quite unlike those produced by engraving on copper plates. Furthermore, unlike copper-plate engravings that quickly deteriorated, thousands of copies could be printed from engraved wood blocks. Since wood engraving is a relief process while metal engraving is an intaglio technique, wood engravings could be used on conventional print presses, which were themselves making rapid mechanical improvements during the first quarter of the 19th century. As a result of Bewick's innovation and improvements in the printing press, illustrations of art, nature, technical processes, famous people, foreign lands and many other subjects became more widely available.

[edit] Commercial use in the 19th century

Bewick's innovations were developed and expanded by a large group of professional wood engravers. Magazines with large circulations (The Illustrated London News, and Harper's Weekly) were illustrated with large wood engravings that were the product of a collaboration between draftsmen and wood engravers. Wood engraving was a choice medium for these publications because it lent its self to mass printing via the the electrotyping process. The engravings themselves were created on blocks of boxwood about 4 inches across. These blocks were then composited together to make much larger illustrations. The wood engraving was then copied via the electrotype process which produced a metal printing plate master to make further plates for mass publication^[1].

Gustave Doré's famous works were a collaborative product of Doré and a group of talented wood engravers. In 19th century France wood engravings became besides lithography the medium of choice for caricaturist such as Honoré Daumier, who published his wood engravings in daily satirical papers such as the Charivari.

Wood engraving as a reproductive (rather than artistic) technique has been displaced by advances in printing technology. Wood engraving is now used to create bookplates, fine art limited edition prints, and a few book illustrations and commercial artwork.

[edit] Notable wood engravers

In rough chronological order:

• Thomas Bewick
• Edward Calvert
• Honoré Daumier
• Adolph Menzel
• Gustave Doré
• Thomas Nast
• Eduard Magnus Jakobson
• William Biscombe Gardner
• Timothy Cole
• H.W. Peckwell (artist)
• Arthur Comfort
• Eric Gill
• Iain Macnab
• Gwen Raverat
• Hans Alexander Mueller
• Paul Nash (artist)
• John Nash (artist)
• Paul Landacre
• David Jones (poet)
• Agnes Miller Parker
• John Buckland Wright
• Clare Leighton
• Reynolds Stone
• Alexander Weygers
• Fritz Eichenberg
• Blair Hughes-Stanton
• Eric Ravilious
• Lynd Ward
• Don Rico
• E. Mervyn Taylor (New Zealand)
• Bernard Brussel-Smith
• Garrick Palmer
• Vija Celmins
• Barry Moser
• John Steins
• Gaylord Schanilec
• Andy English
• Barbara Howard, RCA (Canada)
• Rosemary Feit Covey
• Jim Westergard
• Simon Brett
• Leonard Baskin
• Richard Wagener

[edit] See also

• Flammarion woodcut, a celebrated wood engraving.

[edit] Bibliography

• Brett, Simon. An engravers globe ISBN 1-901648-12-5
• Brett, Simon. Wood engraving: how to do it. ISBN 1-901648-23-0; 1-901648-24-9 (hbk.)
• Carrington, James B. "American Illustration and the Reproductive Arts," Scribner's Magazine, July 1992, pp. 123-128.

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• Wood Engravers Network
• Society of Wood Engravers

This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.