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Wind speed is the speed of wind, the movement of air or other gases in an atmosphere. It is a scalar quantity, the magnitude of the vector of motion.

Wind speed has always meant the movement of air in an outside environment, but the speed of air movement inside is important in many areas, including weather forecasting, aircraft and maritime operations, building and civil engineering. High wind speeds can cause unpleasant side effects, and strong winds often have special names, including gales, hurricanes, and typhoons. See the Beaufort scale.

Wind speed is measured with an anemometer.

Contents 1 Factors affecting wind speed 2 Highest speed 3 Design of Structures Considering Wind Speed 4 See also 5 References

[edit] Factors affecting wind speed

Wind speed is affected by a number of factors and situations, operating on varying scales (from micro to macro scales). These include the pressure gradient, Rossby waves and jet streams, and local weather conditions. There are also links to be found between wind speed and wind direction, notably with the pressure gradient and surfaces over which the air is found.

Pressure gradient is a term to describe the difference in air pressure between two points in the atmosphere or on the surface of the Earth. It is vital to wind speed, because the greater the difference in pressure, the faster the wind flows (from the high to low pressure) to balance out the variation. The pressure gradient, when combined with the Coriolis Effect and friction, also influences wind direction.

Rossby waves are strong winds in the upper troposphere. These operate on a global scale and move from West to East (hence being known as Westerlies). The Rossby waves are themselves a different wind speed from what we experience in the lower troposphere.

Local weather conditions play a key role in influencing wind speed, as the formation of hurricanes, monsoons and cyclones as freak weather conditions can drastically affect the velocity of the wind.

[edit] Highest speed

The highest surface wind speed ever officially recorded is 372 km/h (231 mph) at the Mount Washington (New Hampshire) Observatory in the US on 12 April 1934, using a heated wire anemometer. The anemometer was later tested by the US National Weather Bureau and confirmed to be accurate. The highest surface wind speed ever officially recorded in Asia was recorded in Afghanistan on 14 August 2008: 328 km/h (204 mph) in Ab-Paran, Ghowr.

Windspeeds within certain atmospheric phenomena (such as tornadoes) may greatly exceed these values but have never been accurately measured. The figure of 509 km/h (316 mph) during the F5 tornado in Moore, Oklahoma is often quoted as the highest surface wind speed but was measured 30 m (90 feet) above ground.

[edit] Design of Structures Considering Wind Speed

Wind speed is a common factor in the design of structures and buildings around the world. The wind speed is often the governing factor in the "lateral" design of a structure and is used by professional engineers and designers. In North America, the wind speed used in design is often referred to as a "3-second gust" which is the highest wind speed probability to occur in 50 years as adopted by the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE 7-latest edition). Windspeedbyzip ^[1] maps out the design wind speed as suggested by ASCE 7-05 for the United States. This design wind speed is accepted by most building codes in the United States and often times governs the lateral design of buildings and structures.

[edit] See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Wind speed

• Beaufort scale
• Fujita scale and Enhanced Fujita Scale
• Prevailing wind
• Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale
• TORRO scale
• Wind direction

[edit] References