This is a pronunciation respelling key used in some Wikipedia articles to unambiguously spell out the pronunciations of English words. It does not use special symbols or diacritics apart from the schwa, "ə", which is used for the vowel at the end of sofa, and bold typeface in oo, which is the vowel in food. Note, however, that the standard set of symbols used to show the pronunciation of English words in Wikipedia is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). Because the IPA can also be used for languages other than English, it is more useful than this system. [edit] Syllables and stress Syllables are separated by hyphens ("-"). The stress on a syllable is indicated by writing the syllable in small capital letters.[1] | Respelling symbols | IPA symbols | Notes | "Pronunciation":
prə-nun-see-ay-shən | /prəˌnʌnsiːˈeɪʃən/ | "Primary" and "secondary" stress are not distinguished, as the difference is automatic. | [edit] Vowels | Respelling symbol(s) | Example | IPA symbol | Notes | | a | trap | /æ/ | Australian /æ/ or /æː/[2] | Scottish /a/ | | ah or aa | palm | /ɑː/ | | | air | square | /ɛər/ | | | ar | start | /ɑr/ | Scottish /ar/ | | arr | marry | /ær/ | | aw | thought | /ɔː/ | American /ɔ/ or /ɑ/[3] | | ay | face | /eɪ/ | | | ə | comma | /ə/ or /ɨ/ | Unstressed neutral vowel.
Sometimes i may be used for /ɨ/ | | ər (stressed) | her | /ɜr/ or /ɝː/ | Scottish /ʌr, ɛr, ɪr/
(ur, er, ir)[4] | | ər | letter | /ər/ or /ɚ/ | Unstressed neutral rhotic vowel | | e | dress | /ɛ/ | | | ee | fleece | /iː/ or /i/ | | | eer | near | /ɪər/ | | er
(generally replaced by ər) | fern | /ɜr/ or /ɝː/ | Scottish /ɛr/[4] | | err | merry | /ɛr/ | | ew | ewe, dew | /juː/ | American /u/ or /ju/[5] | | eye | | /aɪ/ | spelled -ye after a consonant | | i | kit | /ɪ/ | sometimes as either vowel of business BIZ-niss | ir
(generally replaced by ər) | fir | /ɜr/ or /ɝː/ | Scottish /ɪr/[4] | | irr | mirror | /ɪr/ | | o | lot | /ɒ/ | -o- by itself may be /ɵ/ | | oh or oe | goat | /oʊ/ | | | oo | foot | /ʊ/ | Scottish /ʉ/ | | oo | food | /uː/ | | oor | cure or Europe | /ʊər/ | | | ohr | force or wore | /ɔər/ | Australian /oː(ɹ)/ | | | or or awr | north or war | /ɔr/ | Scottish /ɔr/ | | orr | orange | /ɒr/ | | | ow | mouth | /aʊ/ | | | oy | choice | /ɔɪ/ | | | u | strut | /ʌ/ | | ur
(generally replaced by ər') | nurse | /ɜr/ or /ɝː/ | American /ɹ/ | Scottish /ʌr/[4] | | urr | hurry | /ʌr/ | | -ye | price | /aɪ/ | after a consonant, otherwise spelled eye.
American /aɪ/ or /ɐɪ/[6] | [edit] Consonants | Respelling symbol | Example | IPA symbol(s) | Notes | | b | but, web | /b/ | | | ch | church, nature | /tʃ/ | | | d | do, odd | /d/ | | | dh | this, breathe, father | /ð/ | This sound is similar to th (/θ/), but voiced. | | f | fool, enough, leaf | /f/ | | | g | go, beg | /ɡ/ | Not as in gem or gin (/dʒ/), which is j. | | h | ham, ahead | /h/ | | | j | gin, joy, edge | /dʒ/ | | | k | cat, kiss, queen, skin, thick | /k/ | | | kh | loch | /x/ | Generally pronounced like k for many speakers | | l | left, bell | /l/ | | | m | man, ham | /m/ | | | n | no, tin | /n/ | | | ng | ring, singer, sink | /ŋ/ | Not the sound in finger, which is ngg (/ŋɡ/). | | ngg | finger | /ŋɡ/ | | | p | pen, spin, tip | /p/ | | | r | run, very | /r/ | | | s or ss | see, city, pass | /s/ | Not as in rose (/z/), which is z. | | sh | she, sure, emotion, leash | /ʃ/ | | | t | two, sting, bet | /t/ | | | th | thing, teeth | /θ/ | To make this sound, the tip of the tongue is placed between the front teeth and air is blown gently over it. | | v | voice, have | /v/ | | | w | we | /w/ | | | wh | what | /ʍ/ | In most dialects, people substitute w for this sound. | | y | yes | /j/ | | | z | zoo, rose | /z/ | | | zh | pleasure, vision, beige | /ʒ/ | Many English speakers have trouble saying this at the beginning of a word, and may substitute j, except in the name Zsa Zsa. | [edit] Optional sounds When a certain sound is pronounced by some speakers but not by others, the sound is put inside parentheses (round brackets). It is correct to say the word either with or without the sound. For example, the respelled pronunciation of the word truism is "TROO-iz-(ə)m". It can either be pronounced "TROO-iz-əm" or "TROO-iz-m". [edit] See also - ^ Wikipedia editors can create small capital letters like this: "{{sc|syllable in lowercase (small) letters}}".
- ^ See "Bad-lad split" for details of this distinction.
- ^ This assumes the absence of the cot-caught merger. In accents with this merger, aw represents the same sound as o.
- ^ a b c d See Fern-fir-fur merger for details of this distinction.
- ^ Dependent on accent, the /j/ is pronounced after some consonants, coalesceses with other consonants or is dropped entirely.
- ^ Value depends on voicing of following consonant; phonemic for very few words.
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