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Parenthetical referencing is a citation system in which in-text citations are made using parentheses. Parenthetical referencing may be used instead of footnotes or endnotes; or, in the case of some documentation systems, with the use of footnotes and/or endnotes, called "content notes".^[1]

Full citations are collected in alphabetical order by author's last name under a "references," "bibliography," or "works cited" heading at the end. It is one of the citation styles recommended for Wikipedia, although it is less common than footnotes (or endnotes). The other two are embedded links and footnotes. See Wikipedia:Citing sources for more details.

There are two main styles of parenthetical referencing: the "author-date system", which is primarily used in the social sciences and exemplified in the official style manual and related style guides published by the American Psychological Association (APA), such as The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association; and the "author-title system", which is primarily used in the arts and the humanities and exemplified in the MLA Style Manual and the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, both official publications of the Modern Language Association (MLA).^[2]

Both "author-date"^[3][4] and "author-title" systems are used in journal publications and in book publishing. Book publishers specify their publishing "house styles" for their authors, directing which documentation system to use. Many American book publishers, such as the University of Chicago Press and Duke University Press, for example, require documentation systems presented in The Chicago Manual of Style, which is flexible in that it offers writers a choice of several different formats, including both "author-date" and "author-title" parenthetical citation referencing methods, depending on which method the publisher and its editorial staff considers most appropriate to the content discipline(s).^[2]

"Author-date" referencing (or the "Harvard system" or "Harvard style" of parenthetical referencing) is common in articles published in Wikipedia, though "Author-title" referencing is also used in articles in Wikipedia; both styles are acceptable citation formats in Wikipedia.^[5] The remainder of this essay focuses on the author-date method.

[edit] Origin of author-date (Harvard style)

The "author-date" method of parenthetical referencing is sometimes referred to as the "Harvard style" or the "Harvard system", so named after it was first used in a paper on "the embryogenesis of the garden slug" published by "the eminent zoologist Edward Laurens Mark (1847–1946), Hersey professor of anatomy and director of Harvard's zoological laboratory until his retirement in 1921," in which Mark included an author-date citation in parentheses on page 194.^[6] The "author-date" method was later attributed to him and named after Harvard, though it never became affiliated officially with that university.

[edit] Inline citation in the body of the article

Under the author-date referencing system, a book is cited in the text in parentheses, after the section, sentence, or paragraph for which the book was used as a source, using the surname of the author and the year of publication only, with the parentheses closing before the period, as in (Author 2005). A complete citation is then placed at the end of the text in an alphabetized list of "References".

• The parentheses close before the period marking the end of the sentence, as in the fake example at the end of this sentence (Jones 2005).
• You may name the author within the article itself, in which case only put the year in parentheses; for example "Smith (2005) says..."
• For two authors, use (Smith & Jones 2005)
• For three or more authors, use (Smith et al. 2005).^[7]
• If the same author has published two books or articles in 2005, and both are being referenced in the text, this is written as (Author 2005a) and (Author 2005b).
• The specific page, section, or division of the cited work can follow the date in this way: (Author 2006, p.28) or (Author 2006:28).
• If the date of publication is unavailable, use "n.d." (meaning, no date)
• Newspaper articles may be cited by the byline, as in (Traynor 2005), though this is less common.
• Newspaper articles may alternatively use the name of the newspaper and the date of publication after the sentence (Guardian, December 17, 2005).
• A book republished long after the original publication may be cited (Marx [1867] 1967).
• For a quotation that is within the text and marked by quotation marks, the citation follows the end-quotation mark ("), and is placed before the period (.), "like this" (Smith 2005).
• For a quotation that is indented, the citation is placed after the period, like the following. (Smith 2005)
• In cases where the author is unknown:^[4]
  • If the article is written for an organization or periodical then use its name, as in (Department of Transport 2001) or (National Geographic Society 2005) or (National Geographic 2005)
  • otherwise, use the article title, italicized, as in (Advertising in the Western Cape 1990: 14).

[edit] Page numbers

When citing books and articles, provide page numbers where appropriate. Page numbers must be included in a citation that accompanies a specific quotation from or a paraphrase or reference to a specific passage of a book or article.

• According to Jessica Benjamin, one weakness of radical politics has been "to idealize the oppressed" (Benjamin 1988: 9).
• Jessica Benjamin has argued that radical politics has been weakened. (Benjamin 1988: 9).

Page numbers are especially important in case of lengthy unindexed books. As different editions of a book may be paginated in different ways, it is useful to include, either with the citation, or in the reference section, the edition of the book which is being cited. In books, articles, and web pages, if there are chapters or section headings, these may be included in the citation, if it makes it easier for readers to find the cited information.

Page numbers are not required when a citation accompanies a general description of a book or article, or when a book or article, as a whole, is being used to exemplify a particular point of view.

• In the 1980s several feminists explored feminist readings of psychoanalytical thought (e.g. Gallop 1985, Hamilton 1982, Rose 1986, Benjamin 1988).
• Jessica Benjamin argues that the relationship between males and females is paradigmatic of domination and submission (Benjamin 1988).

[edit] Full citation in the reference section of the article

Information on creating a full citation is available in Wikipedia:Citing sources.

Full citations must be provided, in alphabetical order, in a References section following the text.

For a book: in the case of (Author 2005a) and (Author 2005b), this might be:

• Author, A. (2005a). Harvard Referencing, New York: Random House. ISBN 1899235744.
• Author, A. (2005b). More Harvard Referencing, New York: Random House. ISBN 1899235744.

For an article: in the case of (Traynor 2005) or (The Guardian, December 17, 2005), this might be:

• Traynor, I. "Judge tells Ankara to decide on fate of leading author", Guardian, December 17, 2005.

Whether or not to use only the initial, as in Traynor, I. or the full name., as in Traynor, Ian, is a matter of personal preference.

A book published long after the original publication:

• Marx, Karl. [1867] (1967). Capital: A Critique of Political Economy. Vol. 1. Ed. Frederick Engels. New York: International Publishers. ISBN 1899235744.

N.B.: The most important thing is to provide some information about where you found your material, even if you do not know how to format the citation. (The information that you provide may enable others to format the citation accurately and consistently, following the article's prevailing citation format.)^[8]

[edit] Linking inline and full citations

Creating a clickable link within the inline citation which links to the full reference is recommended. There are several ways to do this and no method is preferred. This section describes the two most common methods.

N.B.: Wikipedia:Citing sources requires that all articles use a consistent citation style throughout and that editors should not change the citation style of an article without achieving consensus to do so on the article's talk page.

[edit] Using templates

This can be accomplished using {{Harv}} and a citation template such as {{citation}}, {{cite book}}, {{cite web}}, etc. (A complete list of citation templates with linking ability is at {{citation/core}}). {{Harv}} is used for the inline citation in the body of the article; for example, {{Harv|Ritter|2002}} renders as (Ritter 2002).

The citation template is used in references section at the bottom of the article to format the full citation.

*{{Citation|last=Ritter|first=R.|year=2002|title=The Oxford Style Manual|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=0198605641}}

This renders as:

• Ritter, R. (2002), The Oxford Style Manual, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0198605641 .

Notice that clicking on the inline citation highlights the full citation.

[edit] By hand

Alternatively, one can format the HTML link by hand. For example ([[#Ritter2002|Ritter 2002]]) renders as (Ritter 2002).

You can create an anchor to Ritter's work in the References section like this:

* <cite id=Ritter2002>Ritter, R. (2002). ''The Oxford Style Manual''. Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]]. ISBN 0198605641.</cite>

which renders as:

• Ritter, R. (2002). The Oxford Style Manual. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198605641.

Again, notice that clicking on the inline citation highlights the full citation.

[edit] Pros and cons versus other referencing systems

See Pros and Cons.

[edit] Templates

Several templates have been developed for Harvard referencing. A summary of the syntax of all Harvard citation templates is included in Wikipedia:Citation templates, and examples of use are at Wikipedia:Harvard citation template examples and Wikipedia:Citation_templates#Harvard citation examples. Alternatively, the Footnote3 family of templates includes templates designed for Harvard referencing: {{ref harv}}, {{note label}} and {{ref harvard}}.

The use of citation templates is neither recommended nor discouraged.

[edit] Consistency

Parenthetical referencing is a useful and appropriate style for many articles. If you choose to use this style, however, it should be used for all citations in the article, not merely a selected subset.

For example, you should not use inline footnotes (using <ref> tags) for reliable sources that are websites, and parenthetical citations for those reliable sources that are books.

• Yes: The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog (Smith 2008:12, Wikipedia 2009).
• No: The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog (Smith 2008:12).^[9]

[edit] See also

• Parenthetical referencing
• Wikipedia:No original research
• Wikipedia:Verifiability
• Wikipedia:Cite sources
• Wikipedia:Reliable sources
• Wikipedia:Footnotes
• Wikipedia talk:Footnotes/Mixed citations and footnotes
• Wikipedia:Footnote3
• Template:Rp – adds ability to handle Harvard-style page number citations to Cite.php inline references (intended for use when one source is cited a large number of times, and would produce either too many individual entries under <references /> for the same source, or one exceedingly long entry that cited too many pages to possibly be useful to readers).

[edit] Notes