Citation templates are used to format citations in a consistent way. The use of citation templates is neither encouraged nor discouraged. Templates may be used or removed at the discretion of individual editors, subject to agreement with other editors on the article. Because templates can be contentious, editors should not add citation templates, or change an article with a consistent citation format to another, without gaining consensus. The various citation templates below may be freely mixed, since they all produce a similar format.
For a citation to appear in a footnote, it needs to be enclosed in "ref" tags. You can add these by typing <ref> at the front of the citation and </ref> at the end. Alternatively you may notice above the edit box there is a row of "markup" formatting buttons which include a <ref></ref> button to the right - if you highlight your whole citation and then click this markup button, it will automatically enclose your citation in ref tags (i.e. <ref>citation</ref>).
Note, if this is a new page or if there are not already references previously cited, it is necessary to create a "References" section at the end of the page, thus:
When an article cites many different pages from the same source, most Wikipedia editors have chosen to use shortened footnotes (see WP:CITESHORT). An alternative method is to use the template {{rp}}. (See Template:Rp/doc)
| source | template
(required) | common usage | Example 1
article text | Example 2
article text |
| book | {{cite book}}
title | {{Cite book | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = | publisher = | date = | location = | pages = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }} | {{Cite book | last = Mumford | first = David | authorlink = David Mumford | title = The Red Book of V… | publisher = [[Springer]] | location = Berlin | date = 1999 | page = 198 | doi = 10.1007/b62130 | isbn = 354063293X }} Mumford, David (1999). The Red Book of Varieties and Schemes. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. p. 198. doi:10.1007/b62130. ISBN 354063293X. | {{Cite book | last1 = Cordell | first1 = Bruce R. | first2 = Jeff | last2 = Grubb | first3 =David | last3 = Noonan | title = [[Manual of the Planes]] | location = Berlin | publisher = [[Wizards of the Coast]] | year= 2001 | pages = 198-203 | month = September | isbn = 0-7869-1850-8 }} Cordell, Bruce R.; Grubb, Jeff; Noonan, David (September 2001). Manual of the Planes. Berlin: Wizards of the Coast. pp. 198-203. ISBN 0-7869-1850-8. |
| {{Citation}} | {{Citation | last = | first = | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = | place = | publisher = | year = | volume = | edition = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }} | {{Citation | first = David | last = Mu… | author-link = David Mumfo… | title = The Red Book of V… | place = Berlin | publisher = Springer-Verl… | year = 1999 | page = 198 | doi = 10.1007/b62130 | isbn = 354063293X }} Mumford, David (1999), The Red Book of Varieties and Schemes, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, p. 198, doi:10.1007/b62130, ISBN 354063293X | {{Citation | last1 = Cordell | first1 = Bruce R. | last2 = Grubb | first2 = Jeff | last3 = Noonan | first3 = David | title = [[Manual of the Planes]] | place = Berlin | publisher = [[Wizards of the Coast]] |pages = 198-203 | date = September 2001 | year = 2001 | isbn = 0-7869-1850-8 }} Cordell, Bruce R.; Grubb, Jeff; Noonan, David (September 2001), Manual of the Planes, Berlin: Wizards of the Coast, pp. 198-203, ISBN 0-7869-1850-8 |
journal
paper
thesis
dissertation | {{cite journal}}
Title | {{Cite journal | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = | journal = | volume = | issue = | pages = | publisher = | location = | date = | url = | issn = | doi = | id = | accessdate = }} | {{Cite journal | authorlink = Stephen Brey… | title = Copyright: A Rejo… | journal = UCLA Law Review | volume = 20 | pages = 75–83 | date = October 1972}} Breyer, Stephen (October 1972). "Copyright: A Rejoinder". UCLA Law Review 20: 75–83. | {{Cite journal | last1 = Bailey | first1 = David H. | author1-link = David H. Bailey | last2 = Borwein | first2 = Peter | author2-link = Peter Borwein | last3 = Borwein | first3 = Jonathan M. | author3-link = Jonathan Borwein | title = The Quest for Pi | journal = Mathematical Intelligencer | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages = 50–57 | publisher = Springer-Verlag | location = Berlin | date = 25 June 1999 | year = 1999 | url = http://crd.lbl.gov/~dhbailey/... | issn =0343-6993 }} Bailey, David H.; Borwein, Peter; Borwein, Jonathan M. (25 June 1999). "The Quest for Pi". Mathematical Intelligencer (Berlin: Springer-Verlag) 19 (1): 50–57. ISSN 0343-6993. http://crd.lbl.gov/~dhbailey/dhbpapers/pi-quest.pdf. |
{{Citation}}
journal (or periodical) | {{Citation | last = | first = | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = | journal = | volume = | issue = | pages = | date = | year = | url = | doi = | id = }} | {{Citation | last = Breyer | first = Stephen | author-link = Stephen Bre… | title = Copyright: A Rejo… | journal = UCLA Law Review | volume = 20 | pages = 75–83 | date = October 1972 | year = 1972 }} Breyer, Stephen (October 1972), "Copyright: A Rejoinder", UCLA Law Review 20: 75–83 | {{Citation | last1 = Bailey | first1 = David H. | author1-link = David H. Bailey | last2 = Borwein | first2 = Peter | author2-link = Peter Borwein | last3 = Borwein | first3 = Jonathan M. | author3-link = Jonathan Borwein | title = The Quest for Pi | journal = Mathematical Intelligencer | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages = 50–57 | publisher = Springer-Verlag | location = Berlin | date = 25 June 1999 | year = 1999 | url = http://crd.lbl.gov/~dhbailey/... | issn =0343-6993 }} Bailey, David H.; Borwein, Peter; Borwein, Jonathan M. (25 June 1999), "The Quest for Pi", Mathematical Intelligencer (Berlin: Springer-Verlag) 19 (1): 50–57, ISSN 0343-6993, http://crd.lbl.gov/~dhbailey/dhbpapers/pi-quest.pdf |
conference
report
or paper | {{cite conference}}
title
booktitle | {{Cite conference | first = | last = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = | booktitle = | pages = | publisher = | date = | location = | url = | doi = | id = | accessdate = }} | {{Cite conference | first = M. | last = Turk | authorlink = | coauthors = Pentland, A. | title = Face recognition … | booktitle = Proc IEEE Con… | place = Maui, Hawaii | pages = 586–591 | year = 1991 }} Turk, M.; Pentland, A. (1991). "Face recognition using eigenfaces". Proc. IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. Maui, Hawaii. pp. 586–591. | {{Cite conference | last1 = Evans | first1 = N. R. | last2 = Schaefer | first2 = G. | last3 = Bond | first3 = H. | last4 = Karovska | first4 = M. | last5 = Nelan | first5 = E. | last6 = Sasselov | first6 = D. | title = Direct detection of the ... | booktitle = American Astronomical Society 207th ... | publisher = AAS | date = January 9, 2006 | url = http://www.aas.org/ ... 30.htm }} Evans, N. R.; Schaefer, G.; Bond, H.; Karovska, M.; Nelan, E.; Sasselov, D. (January 9, 2006). "Direct detection of the close companion of Polaris with the Hubble Space Telescope". American Astronomical Society 207th Meeting. AAS. |
| {{Citation}} | {{Citation | first = | last = | author-link = | first2 = | last2 = | author2-link = | editor-last = | editor-first = | editor2-last = | editor2-first = | contribution = | contribution-url = | series = | year = | pages = | place = | publisher = | url = | doi = | id = }} | {{Citation | last1 = Turk | first1 = M. | last2 = Pet… | first2 = A. | contribution = Face recog… | series = Proc IEEE Confere… | place = Maui, Hawaii | pages = 586–591 | year = 1991 }} Turk, M.; Petland, A. (1991), "Face recognition using eigenfaces", Proc. IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Maui, Hawaii, pp. 586–591 | {{Citation | last1 = Evans | first1 = N. R. | last2 = Schaefer | first2 = G. | last3 = Bond | first3 = H. | last4 = Karovska | first4 = M. | last5 = Nelan | first5 = E. | last6 = Sasselov | first6 = D. | contribution = Direct detection of … | series = American Astronomical… | publisher = AAS | date = January 9, 2006 | contribution-url = http://…30.htm }} Evans, N. R.; Schaefer, G.; Bond, H.; Karovska, M.; Nelan, E.; Sasselov, D. (January 9, 2006), "Direct detection of the close companion of Polaris with the Hubble Space Telescope", American Astronomical Society 207th Meeting, AAS |
| encyclopedia | {{cite encyclopedia}}
Title
encyclopedia | {{Cite encyclopedia | title = | encyclopedia = | volume = | pages = | publisher = | date = | id = | accessdate = }} | {{Cite encyclopedia | title = Kirkegaard… | encyclopedia = Grote Winkler Pri… | editor-last = Winkler Pri… | editor-first = Anthony | editor-link = Anthony Win… | volume = 9 | publisher = Elsevier | year = 1882 }} Winkler Prins, Anthony, ed (1882). "Kirkegaard, Ole Lund". Grote Winkler Prins. 9. Elsevier. | {{Cite encyclopedia | last = Kramer | first = Martin | authorlink = Martin Kramer | editor-last = Boyd | editor-first = Kelley | title = Bernard Lewis | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of Hist… | volume = 1 | pages = 719–720 | publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn | location = London | date = 1999 | url = http://www.geocities.com/mart… }} Kramer, Martin (1999). "Bernard Lewis". in Boyd, Kelley. Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing. 1. London: Fitzroy Dearborn. pp. 719–720. http://www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg/BernardLewis.htm. |
{{Citation}}
contribution=name of article | {{Citation | last = | first = | contribution = | year = | title = | editor-last = | editor-first = | volume = | pages = | place = | publisher = | id = }} | {{Citation | contribution = Kirkegaard… | title = Grote Winkler Pri… | editor-last = Winkler Pri… | editor-first = Anthony | editor-link = Anthony Win… | volume = 9 | publisher = Elsevier | year = 1882 }} Winkler Prins, Anthony, ed. (1882), "Kirkegaard, Ole Lund", Grote Winkler Prins, 9, Elsevier | {{Citation | last = Kramer | first = Martin | author-link = Martin Kramer | contribution = Bernard Lewis | editor-last = Boyd | editor-first = Kelley | title = Encyclopedia of Historians … | volume = 1 | pages = 719–720 | publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn | place = London | year = 1999 | contribution-url = http://…is.htm }} Kramer, Martin (1999), "Bernard Lewis", in Boyd, Kelley, Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing, 1, London: Fitzroy Dearborn, pp. 719–720 |
| news article | {{cite news}}
Title | {{Cite news | last = | first = | coauthors = | title = | newspaper = | location = | pages = | language = | publisher = | date = | url = | accessdate = }} | {{Cite news | last = Finn | first = Gary | title = What a growing lad needs is... | pages = | newspaper = The Independent | location = London | date = 31 August 1998 | url = http://www.independent.co.uk... | accessdate = <!-----31 August 2009----->}} Finn, Gary (31 August 1998). "What a growing lad needs is a naughty book, says Blair". The Independent (London). http://www.independent.co.uk/news/what-a-growing-lad-needs-is-a-naughty-book-says-blair-1175187.html. | {{Cite news | last = Andersen | first = David | coauthors = Witter, Lameen | title = Former Marine, Go Daddy CEO… | work = Marine Corps News | date = 17 February 2006 | url = http://www.military.com/Caree… | accessdate = 17 February 2006 }} Andersen, David; Witter, Lameen (17 February 2006). "Former Marine, Go Daddy CEO Talks About His Rise to Success". Marine Corps News. http://www.military.com/Careers/Content1?file=careersArticlesGoDaddy.htm&area=Reference. Retrieved 6 June 2006. |
{{Citation}}
newspaper (or magazine, journal, periodical) | {{Citation | last = | first = | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = | newspaper = | pages = | year = | date = | url = | accessdate = }} | {{Citation | last = Finn | first = Gary | title = What a growing lad needs is... | pages = | newspaper = The Independent | location = London | date = 31 August 1998 | url =http://www.independent.co.uk... | accessdate = <!-----31 August 2009----->}} Finn, Gary (31 August 1998), "What a growing lad needs is a naughty book, says Blair", The Independent (London), http://www.independent.co.uk/news/what-a-growing-lad-needs-is-a-naughty-book-says-blair-1175187.html | {{Citation | last1 = Andersen | first1 = David | last2 = Witter | first2 = Lameen | title = Former Marine, Go Daddy CEO… | newspaper = Marine Corps News | date = 17 February 2006 | year = 2006 | url = http://www.military.com/Ca… | accessdate = 2 June 2006 }} Andersen, David; Witter, Lameen (17 February 2006), "Former Marine, Go Daddy CEO Talks About His Rise to Success", Marine Corps News, http://www.military.com/Careers/Content1?file=careersArticlesGoDaddy.htm&area=Reference, retrieved 2 June 2006 |
| website | {{cite web}}
title
url | {{Cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = | work = | publisher = | date = | url = | format = | doi = | accessdate = }} | {{Cite web | last = Spiegel | first = Rachel | title = Research: Thalido… | url=http://science-educat… | accessdate = 30 April 2006 }} Spiegel, Rachel. "Research in the News: Thalidomide". http://science-education.nih.gov/nihHTML/ose/snapshots/multimedia/ritn/Thalidomide/index.html. Retrieved 30 April 2006. {{Cite web | title = | url = | dateformat = mdy | accessdate = }} (Write date as Month Day Year; e.g., July 22 2009. Comma will be added automatically.) | {{Cite web | last = Hansen | first = James E. | authorlink = James Hansen | last2 = Ruedy | first2 = R. | last3 = Sato | first3 = M. | last4 = Lo | first4 = K. | title = GISS Surface Temperature An… | work = | publisher = [[Goddard Institute for… | date = December 15, 2005 | url = http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gis… | format = | doi = | accessdate = September 28, 2006 }} Hansen, James E.; Ruedy, R.; Sato, M.; Lo, K. (December 15, 2005). "GISS Surface Temperature Analysis Global Temperature Trends: 2005 Summation". NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/2005/. Retrieved September 28, 2006. |
{{Citation}}
title
url | {{Citation | last = | first = | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = | date = | year = | url = | accessdate = }} | {{Citation | last = Spiegel | first = Rachel | title = Research: Thalido… | url=http://science-educat… | accessdate = 30 April 2006 }} Spiegel, Rachel, Research in the News: Thalidomide, http://science-education.nih.gov/nihHTML/ose/snapshots/multimedia/ritn/Thalidomide/index.html, retrieved 30 April 2006 | {{Citation | last1 = Hansen | first1 = James E. | author1-link = James Hansen | last2 = Ruedy | first2 = R. | last3 = Sato | first3 = M. | last4 = Lo | first4 = K. | title = GISS Surface Temperature An… | publisher = [[Goddard Institute for ... | date = December 15, 2005 | year = 2005 | url = http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gis… | accessdate = September 28, 2006 }} Hansen, James E.; Ruedy, R.; Sato, M.; Lo, K. (December 15, 2005), GISS Surface Temperature Analysis Global Temperature Trends: 2005 Summation, NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/2005/, retrieved September 28, 2006 |
newsgroup
posting
DO NOT
USE TO
VERIFY | {{cite newsgroup}}
Title | {{Cite newsgroup | title = | author = | date = | newsgroup = | id = | url = | accessdate = }} | {{Cite newsgroup | author = Gary S. Terhune | title = Lost Ctrl-Alt-Del… | date = January 11, 2004 | newsgroup = microsoft.pub… | id = uAIVMjC2DHA.2336@TK2… | url = http://groups.googl… | accessdate = May 16, 2006 }} Gary S. Terhune (January 11, 2004). "Lost Ctrl-Alt-Del function on W98, 2nd". microsoft.public.win98.gen_discussion. (Web link). Retrieved on May 16, 2006. | {{Cite newsgroup | title = How can helping "Kids in Af… | author = Trodel | date = June 10, 2006 | newsgroup= humanities.philosophy.ob… | id = 1149950890.204481.35810@h76g20… | url = http://groups.google.com/grou… | accessdate = July 3, 2006 }} Trodel (June 10, 2006). "How can helping "Kids in Africa" be in my self interest". humanities.philosophy.objectivism. (Web link). Retrieved on July 3, 2006. |
| patent | {{Citation}}
inventor-last | {{Citation | inventor-last = | inventor-first = | inventorlink = | inventor2-last = | inventor2-first = | inventorlink2 = | publication-date = | issue-date = | title = | country-code = | description = | patent-number = }} | {{Citation | inventor1-last = Degermark | inventor1-first = Mikael | inventor2-last = Brodnik | inventor2-first = Andrej | inventor3-last = Carlsson | inventor3-first = Svante | inventor4-last = Pink | inventor4-first = Stephen | title = Fast routing lookup system using complete prefix tree, bit vector, and pointers in a routing table for determining where to route IP datagrams | issue-date = 2001 | patent-number = 6266706 | country-code = US}} Degermark, Mikael; Andrej Brodnik & Svante Carlsson et al., "Fast routing lookup system using complete prefix tree, bit vector, and pointers in a routing table for determining where to route IP datagrams", US 6266706, issued 2001 |
| press release | {{cite press release}}
Title | {{Cite press release | title = | publisher = | date = | url = | accessdate = }} | {{Cite press release | title = Nature compares W… | publisher = The Wikimedia… | date = 15 December 2005 | url = http://en.wikipedia… | accessdate = 3 July 2006 }} The Wikimedia Foundation (15 December 2005). "Nature compares Wikipedia and Britannica". Press release. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Press_releases/Nature_compares_Wikipedia_and_Britannica. Retrieved 3 July 2006. | {{Cite press release | title = HFPA Announces Timetable fo… | publisher = [[Hollywood Foreign P…]] | date = May 25, 2006 | url = http://www.hfpa.org/news/id/32 | accessdate = June 13, 2006 }} Hollywood Foreign Press Association (May 25, 2006). "HFPA Announces Timetable for 64th Annual Golden Globe Awards". Press release. http://www.hfpa.org/news/id/32. Retrieved June 13, 2006. |
video
(movie, television production, documentary, etc.) | {{cite video}}
people
title | {{Cite video | people = | title = | medium = | publisher = | location = | year2 = }} | {{Cite video | people = Al-Issawi, Omar … | title = [http://www.imdb…] | medium = TV-Series | publisher = Al-Issawi, Om… | location = Lebanon | year2 = 2001 }} Al-Issawi, Omar (Director). (2001). Harab libnan. [Television production]. Lebanon: Al-Issawi, Omar. | {{Cite video | people = Dick Cavett | title = The Dick Cavett Show — Rock… | medium = DVD | publisher = Shout Factory | year2 = 2005 }} Dick Cavett. (2005). The Dick Cavett Show — Rock Icons (1969). [DVD]. Shout Factory. |
television or radio
episode | {{cite episode}}
title | {{Cite episode | title = | episodelink = | series = | serieslink = | airdate = | season = | number = }} | {{Cite episode | title = Tabula Rasa | episodelink = Tabula Rasa (Lost) | series = Lost | serieslink = Lost (TV series) | airdate = October 10, 2004 | season = 1 | number = 3 }} "Tabula Rasa". Lost. October 10, 2004. No. 3, season 1. | {{Cite episode | title = Duet | episodelink = Duet (Stargate Atlant… | series = Stargate Atlantis | serieslink = Stargate Atlantis | airdate = August 5, 2005 | season = 2 | number = 4 }} "Duet". Stargate Atlantis. August 5, 2005. No. 4, season 2. |
| court case (legal decision) | {{cite court}} | {{Cite court |litigants = |vol = |reporter = |opinion = |pinpoint = |court = |date = |url= }} | {{Cite court |litigants=Roe v. Wade |vol=410 |reporter=U.S. |opinion=113 |pinpoint= |court= |date=1973 |url=http://www.law.corn… }} Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973). |
| map | {{cite map}}
publisher
title
edition | {{Cite map |publisher = |title = |url = |edition = |section = |accessdate = }} | {{Cite map |publisher=Kansas Departmen… |title=Official State Trans… |url=http://www.ksdot.org/b… |edition=2005-2006 |section=F9 |accessdate=March 30, 2007 }} Kansas Department of Transportation. Official State Transportation Map [map], 2005-2006 edition. Section F9. Retrieved on March 30, 2007. | {{Cite map |publisher=Skelly Oil Company |title=Highway Map of Oklahoma |cartography=Diversified Map Co |edition=1966 |section=11C }} Skelly Oil Company. Highway Map of Oklahoma [map], 1966 edition. Cartography by Diversified Map Co. Section 11C. |
| mailing list | {{cite mailing list}}
title
url | {{Cite mailing list | last = | first = | authorlink = | title = | mailinglist = | date = | url = | accessdate = }} | {{Cite mailing list |last=Murdock |first=Ian |authorlink=Ian Murdock |title=Debian GNU/Linux 0.9… |mailinglist=debian-announce |date=26 October 1995 |url=http://lists.debian.or… |accessdate=20 April 2007 }} Murdock, Ian (26 October 1995). "Debian GNU/Linux 0.93 Release 6 now available". debian-announce mailing list. http://lists.debian.org/debian-announce/debian-announce-1995/msg00007.html. Retrieved 20 April 2007. | |
| video game | {{cite video game}}
title
developer | {{Cite video game | title = | developer = | publisher = | date = | platform = | version = | level = | language = | isolang = | quote = }} | {{Cite video game |title=[[Halo 3]] |developer= [[Bungie]] |publisher=[[Microsoft Game Studios]] |date=September 25, 2007 |platform=[[Xbox 360]] |version=1.0 |level=The Storm |language=English |isolang= |quote='''Arbiter''': More Brutes? /... Bungie. Halo 3. (Microsoft Game Studios). Xbox 360, (v1.0). Level/area: The Storm (in English). (September 25, 2007) "Arbiter: More Brutes? / Master Chief: Worse." | |
| comic | {{cite comic}}[2] | {{Cite comic | writer= | penciller= | inker= | story= | title= | volume= | issue= | date= | publisher= | page= | panel= }} | {{Cite comic | writer=[[Stan Lee|Lee, Stan]] | penciller=[[Jack Kirby|Kirby, Jack]] | inker=[[Christopher Rule|Rule, Christopher]] | story=The Fantastic Four! | title=[[Fantastic Four|The Fantastic Four]] | volume=1 | issue=1 | date=November, 1961 | publisher=[[Marvel Comics]] | page=3 | panel=2 }} Lee, Stan (w), Kirby, Jack (p), Rule, Christopher (i). "The Fantastic Four!" The Fantastic Four 1 (1): 3/2 (November, 1961), Marvel Comics | |
| comic strip | {{comic strip reference}}[3] | {{comic strip reference | cartoonist= | strip= | paper= | location= | date= | supplement= | syndicate= | page= }} | {{comic strip reference | cartoonist=[[Milton Caniff|Caniff, Milton]] | strip=[[Steve Canyon]] | paper=Journal Herald | location=Dayton, OH | date=July 15, 1967 | supplement=Color Comics Supplement | syndicate=Newspaper Syndicate | page=1 }} Caniff, Milton (c). Steve Canyon. Journal Herald (Dayton, OH). July 15, 1967, [Color Comics Supplement], Newspaper Syndicate - 1.
| |
