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Western Marxism is a term used to describe a wide variety of Marxist theoreticians based in Western and Central Europe (and more recently North America), in contrast with philosophy in the Soviet Union. While Georg Lukács's History and Class Consciousness ^[1] and Karl Korsch's Marxism and Philosophy ^[2], first published in 1923, are often seen as the works which inaugurated this current, the phrase itself was coined much later by Maurice Merleau-Ponty.

Antonio Gramsci is also of great significance, though many of his writings were not translated into English until comparatively late. Western Marxists have commonly (but not exclusively) worked as professional academics; sociologists, political scientists, literary theorists, and so on.

Contents 1 Distinctive elements 2 Political commitments 3 Western Marxists 4 See also 5 Bibliography 6 References

[edit] Distinctive elements

Although there have been many schools of Marxism, such as Austromarxism or the Left Communism of Antonie Pannekoek or Rosa Luxemburg, that are sharply distinguished from Marxism-Leninism, the term "Western Marxism" is usually applied to Marxist theorists who downplay the primacy of economic analysis, concerning themselves instead with abstract and philosophical areas of Marxism. In its earliest years, Western Marxism's most characteristic element was a stress on the Hegelian and humanist components of Karl Marx's thought, but later forms of Western Marxism, such as Structural Marxism, have been just as strongly antihumanist.

Western Marxism often emphasises the importance of the study of culture for an adequate Marxist understanding of society. Western Marxists have thus elaborated often-complex variations on the theories of ideology and superstructure, which are only thinly sketched in the writings of Marx and Engels themselves.

[edit] Political commitments

Western Marxists have varied in terms of political commitment: Lukács, Gramsci and Althusser (famous for his supposed "anti-humanism") were all members of Soviet-aligned parties; Karl Korsch was heavily critical of Soviet Marxism, advocating council communism and later becoming increasingly interested in anarchism; the theorists of The Frankfurt School tended towards political quietism, although Herbert Marcuse became known as the 'father of the New Left'; Sartre, Merleau-Ponty and Lefebvre were, at different periods, supporters of the Communist Party of France, but all would later become disillusioned with it; Ernst Bloch lived in and supported the Soviet Union, but lost faith in it towards the end of his life. Maoism and Trotskyism also influenced Western Marxism.

[edit] Western Marxists

• Georg Lukács
• Karl Korsch
• Antonio Gramsci
• Ernst Bloch
• Franz Jakubowski
• Bertolt Brecht
• The Frankfurt School
  • Theodor Adorno
  • Max Horkheimer
  • Herbert Marcuse
  • Walter Benjamin
  • Erich Fromm
• Galvano Della Volpe
• Lucio Colletti
• Henri Lefebvre
• Jean-Paul Sartre
• Maurice Merleau-Ponty
• Lucien Goldmann
• Guy Debord
• Louis Althusser
• Nicos Poulantzas
• Jürgen Habermas
• Marshall Berman
• Fredric Jameson
• Antonio Negri
• Helmut Reichelt

[edit] See also

• Critical Theory
• Cultural Studies
• Neue Marx-Lektüre
• Neo-Marxism
• Praxis school
• Marxism
• Situationist International
• Structural Marxism

[edit] Bibliography

• Anderson, Perry. Considerations on Western Marxism. London: New Left Books, 1976.
• Grahl, Bart, and Paul Piccone, eds. Towards a New Marxism. St. Louis: Telos Press, 1973.
• Howard, Dick, and Karl E. Klare, eds. The Unknown Dimension: European Marxism Since Lenin. New York: Basic Books, 1972.
• Korsch, Karl. Marxism and Philosophy. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1970.
• Lukacs, Georg. History and Class Consciousness: Studies in Marxist Dialectics. London: Merlin, 1971.
• McInnes, Neil. The Western Marxists. New York: Library Press, 1972.
• Merleau-Ponty, Maurice. Adventures of the Dialectic. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1973.

[edit] References