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Western Armenian (Armenian: Արեւմտահայերէն, Արեւմտեան աշխարհաբար, or Թրքահայերէն, "Turkish-Armenian")[footnotes 1] is one of the two standardized forms of modern Armenian, the other being Eastern Armenian. The two standard forms form a diasystem. Western Armenian is an Indo-European language spoken by the Armenian diaspora, mainly in North America and South America, Europe and most of the Middle East except for Iran. It is also spoken by the Armenian community in Turkey with estimated number of speakers of 50.000.[3] It was developed in the early part of the 19th century, and is based on the Armenian dialect of Istanbul. On February 21, 2009 International Mother Language Day has been marked with the publication of a new edition of the "Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger" by UNESCO where the Western Armenian language in Turkey is defined as a definitely endangered language.[3][4]
[edit] Phonology[edit] Vowels[edit] MonophthongsWestern Armenian has eight monophthong vowel sounds.
[edit] Monophthongs examples
[edit] DiphthongsThe Western Armenian language has nine diphthong sounds.
[edit] ConsonantsThis is the Western Armenian Consonantal System using symbols from the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), followed by the corresponding Armenian letter in parentheses.
[edit] Differences in phonology from Classical ArmenianThe differences in phonology between Western Armenian and Classical Armenian phonology include the distinction of stops and affricates. First, while Classical Armenian has a three-way distinction of stops and affricates: one voiced and two voiceless — a plain version and an aspirated one — Western Armenian has kept only a two-way distinction — one voiced and one aspirated. For example, Classical has three bilabial stops: [b] (<բ>), [p] (<պ>), and [pʰ] (<փ>); Western Armenian, has two bilabial stops: [b] (<պ>) and [pʰ] (<բ> or <փ>). Second, Western Armenian has shifted the Classical Armenian voiced stops and voiced affricates into aspirated stops and aspirated affricates, and replaced the plain stops and plain affricates with voiced ones. Specifically, the following are the changes from Classical Armenian to Western Armenian:
As a result, a word like [dʒuɹ] (spelled ջուր in Classical Armenian, 'water') is cognate with Western Armenian [tʃʰuɹ] (also spelled ջուր). However, [tʰoɹ] ('grandson') and [kʰaɹ] ('stone') are pronounced identically in Classical and Western Armenian. [edit] Differences in phonology from Eastern ArmenianThe difference in phonology between Western Armenian and Eastern Armenian phonology also lies in the distinction of stops and affricates (as in the difference with Classical Armenian). First, Eastern Armenian is notable for shifting the plain stops and plain affricates from Classical Armenian to ejective consonants. Therefore, while Eastern Armenian has a three-way distinction of stops and affricates: one voiced and two voiceless — an ejective version and an aspirated one — Western Armenian has only a two-way distinction — one voiced and one aspirated. For example, Eastern Armenian has three bilabial stops: [b] (<բ>), [pʼ] (ejective, <պ>), and [pʰ] (<փ>); Western Armenian, has two bilabial stops: [b] (<պ>) and [pʰ] (<բ> or <փ>). Second, Western Armenian has shifted the Classical Armenian voiced stops and voiced affricates into aspirated stops and aspirated affricates, and replaced the plain stops and plain affricates with voiced ones. The following is a comparison of the stops and affricates in Eastern Armenian and Western Armenian:
[edit] Consonant examples[edit] OrthographyMain article: Traditional Armenian orthography Western Armenian uses traditional Armenian orthography, also known as classical orthography or Mashdotsian orthography. Reformed Armenian orthography (introduced in Soviet Armenia and still used by most Eastern Armenian speakers from the Republic of Armenia) has not been adopted in Western Armenian. [edit] Morphology[edit] NounsWestern Armenian nouns have six cases: Nominative (subject), Accusative (direct object), Genitive (possession), Dative (indirect object), Ablative (origin) and Instrumental (means). Of the six cases, the nominative and accusative are the same, except for personal pronouns, and the genitive and dative are the same, meaning that nouns have four distinct forms for case. Nouns in Armenian also decline for number (singular and plural), but do not decline for gender (i.e. masculine or feminine). Declension in Armenian is based on how the genitive is formed. There are several declensions, but two are the most used (genitive in i, and genitive in u):
[edit] ArticlesLike English and some other languages, Armenian has definite and indefinite articles. The indefinite article in Western Armenian is /mə/, which follows the noun: mart mə ('a man', Nom.sg), martu mə ('of a man', Gen.sg) The definite article is a suffix attached to the noun, and is one of two forms, either -ə or -n, depending on whether the final sound is a vowel or a consonant, and whether a preceding word begins with a vowel or consonant: martə ('the man', Nom.sg) The indefinite article becomes mən under the same circumstance as -ə becomes -n: mart mə ('a man', Nom.sg) [edit] AdjectivesAdjectives in Armenian do not decline for case or number, and precede the noun: lav martə ('the good man', Nom.sg) [edit] VerbsVerbs in Armenian are based on two basic series of forms, a "present" form and a "imperfect" form. From this, all other tenses and moods are formed with various particles and constructions. There is a third form, the preterite, which in Armenian is tense in its own right, and takes no other particles or constructions. (See also Armenian verbs for more detailed information.) The "present" tense in Western Armenian is based on three conjugations (a, e, i):
The present tense (as we know it in English) is made by adding the particle gə before the "present" form, except yem (I am), unim (I have), kidem (I know) and gərnam (I can), while the future is made by adding bidi: Yes kirk'ə gə gartam (I am reading the book or I read the book, Pres) " Yes kirk'ə gə gartam gor (I am reading the book) [9] The verb without any particles constitutes the subjunctive mood: Udem (if I eat, should I eat, that I eat, I wish I eat) Udes (if you eat, etc.) Udê (if it eats) Udenk' (if we eat) Udêk' (if you all eat) Uden (if they eat) [edit] Pronouns
[edit] See also
[edit] Notes
[edit] Footnotes
[edit] Bibliography
[edit] External links
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