Urinary system
Latin	systema urinarium

The urinary system (also called excretory system or the genitourinary system) is the organ system that produces, stores, and eliminates urine. In humans it includes two kidneys, two ureters, the bladder, the urethra, and the penis in males. The analogous organ in invertebrates is the nephridium.

Contents 1 Physiology 1.1 Kidney 1.2 Urethra 2 See also 3 References

[edit] Physiology

[edit] Kidney

The kidneys are bean-shaped organs, which lie against the posterior part of the abdominal wall, retroperitoneal to the organs.

[edit] Urethra

The endpoint of the urinary system is the urethra. Typically the urethra in humans is colonised by commensal bacteria below the external urethral sphincter. The urethra emerges from the end of the penis in males and between the clitoris and the vagina in females.

[edit] See also

• Urotheliumsa
• Major systems of the human body
• Urologic diseases

[edit] References

• Urinary System

v • d • e Human organ systems TA 2-4: musculoskeletal Skeletal system Bone · Cartilage Muscular system Muscle · Tendon TA 5-11: splanchnic Digestive system Mouth · Esophagus · Stomach · Colon Respiratory system Trachea · Lung Urinary system Kidney · Bladder Reproductive system Uterus · Vulva · Scrotum · Penis Endocrine system Pancreas · Pituitary · Thyroid · Parathyroid TA 12-16 Circulatory system Cardiovascular system (Artery, Vein) · Lymphatic system N/S Nervous system (Brain, Spinal cord, Nerve) · Sensory system Integumentary system Skin · Subcutaneous tissue Non-TA Immune system

v • d • e Anatomy: urinary system (TA A08, GA 11.1215) Abdomen Kidneys Layers Renal fascia • Renal capsule • Renal cortex  (Renal column) • Renal medulla (Renal sinus, Renal pyramids, medullary interstitium) • Renal lobe • Cortical lobule • Medullary ray • Nephron Afferent circulation Renal artery → Segmental arteries → Interlobar arteries → Arcuate arteries → Interlobular arteries → Afferent arterioles → Renal corpuscle (Glomerulus, Bowman's capsule) Renal tubule Proximal tubule → Loop of Henle (Descending, Thin ascending, Thick ascending) → Distal convoluted tubule → Connecting tubule → Collecting ducts aka Duct of Belini → Renal papilla → Minor calyx → Major calyx → Renal pelvis Efferent circulation Glomerulus → Efferent arterioles → Peritubular capillaries / Vasa recta → Arcuate vein → Interlobar veins → Renal vein Juxtaglomerular apparatus Macula densa • Juxtaglomerular cells • Mesangium/Extraglomerular mesangial cell Filtration Glomerular basement membrane • Podocyte • Filtration slits • Mesangium/Intraglomerular mesangial cell • Tubular fluid Ureters Orifice of ureter Pelvis Bladder Uvula • Trigone • Detrusor • Apex • Neck Urethra Urethral sphincters (External sphincter muscle of male urethra, External sphincter muscle of female urethra, Internal sphincter muscle of urethra) urinary system navs: anat/physio/dev, noncongen/acid+base/congen/neoplasia, symptoms+signs/eponymous, proc

v • d • e Urinary system, physiology: renal physiology and acid-base physiology Filtration Renal blood flow · Ultrafiltration · Countercurrent exchange · Filtration fraction Hormones affecting filtration Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) · Aldosterone · Atrial natriuretic peptide Secretion/clearance Pharmacokinetics · Clearance of medications · Urine flow rate Reabsorption Solvent drag · Na+ · Cl- · urea · glucose · oligopeptides · protein Endocrine Renin · Erythropoietin (EPO) · Calcitriol (Active vitamin D) · Prostaglandins Assessing Renal function/ Measures of dialysis Glomerular filtration rate · Creatinine clearance · Renal clearance ratio · Urea reduction ratio · Kt/V · Standardized Kt/V · Hemodialysis product · PAH clearance (Effective renal plasma flow · Extraction ratio) Acid-base physiology Fluid balance · Darrow Yannet diagram · Body water: Intracellular fluid/Cytosol · Extracellular fluid · (Interstitial fluid · Plasma · Transcellular fluid) Base excess · Davenport diagram · Anion gap · Arterial blood gas · Winter's formula Buffering/compensation Bicarbonate buffering system · Respiratory compensation · Renal compensation Other Fractional sodium excretion · BUN-to-creatinine ratio · Tubuloglomerular feedback · Natriuresis urinary system navs: anat/physio/dev, noncongen/acid+base/congen/neoplasia, symptoms+signs/eponymous, proc

v • d • e Urinary system · Pathology · Urologic disease / Uropathy (N00–N39, 580–599) Abdominal Nephropathy/ (nephritis+ nephrosis) Glomerulopathy/ glomerulitis/ (glomerulonephritis+ glomerulonephrosis) Primarily nephrotic Non-proliferative .0 Minimal change · .1 Focal segmental · .2 Membranous Proliferative .3 Mesangial proliferative · .4 Endocapillary proliferative .5/.6 Membranoproliferative/mesangiocapillary By condition Diabetic · Amyloidosis Primarily nephritic, .7 RPG Type I RPG/Type II hypersensitivity Goodpasture's syndrome Type II RPG/Type III hypersensitivity Post-streptococcal · Lupus (DPN) · IgA/Berger's Type III RPG/Pauci-immune Wegener's granulomatosis · Microscopic polyangiitis Tubulopathy/ tubulitis Proximal RTA (RTA 2) Thick ascending Bartter syndrome Distal convoluted Gitelman syndrome Collecting duct Liddle's syndrome · RTA (RTA 1) · Diabetes insipidus (Nephrogenic) Renal papilla Renal papillary necrosis Major calyx/pelvis Hydronephrosis · Pyonephrosis · Reflux nephropathy Any/all Acute tubular necrosis Interstitium Interstitial nephritis (Pyelonephritis, Danubian endemic familial nephropathy) Any/all General syndromes Renal failure (Acute renal failure, Chronic renal failure) · Uremic pericarditis · Uremia Vascular Renal artery stenosis · Hypertensive nephropathy · Renovascular hypertension Other Analgesic nephropathy · Renal osteodystrophy · Nephroptosis · Abderhalden-Kaufmann-Lignac syndrome Ureter Ureteritis · Ureterocele · Megaureter Pelvic Bladder Cystitis (Interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome, Hunner's ulcer, Trigonitis, Hemorrhagic cystitis) · Neurogenic bladder · Vesicointestinal fistula · Vesicoureteral reflux Urethra Urethritis (Non-gonococcal urethritis) · Urethral syndrome · Urethral stricture/Meatal stenosis Any/all Obstructive uropathy · Urinary tract infection · Retroperitoneal fibrosis · Urolithiasis (Kidney stone, Renal colic) · Malacoplakia urinary system navs: anat/physio/dev, noncongen/acid+base/congen/neoplasia, symptoms+signs/eponymous, proc

v • d • e Prenatal development/mammalian embryogenesis - Development of the urinary and reproductive organs (GA 11.1204) Common Urinary/Reproductive system Cloacal membrane - Cloaca - Urethral groove - Urogenital sinus - Urachus - Urogenital folds Kidney development Nephrogenic cord - Nephrotome - Pronephros - Mesonephros (Mesonephric tubules) Ureteric bud - Metanephric blastema Fetal genital development Primarily internal Gonadal ridge - Sex cord (Cortical cords, Testis cords) Pronephric duct/Wolffian duct/mesonephric duct - Müllerian duct/paramesonephric ducts (Vaginal plate) Primarily external Genital tubercle - Phallus - Labioscrotal folds Gubernaculum - Processus vaginalis Homologues List of homologues of the human reproductive system urinary system navs: anat/physio/dev, noncongen/acid+base/congen/neoplasia, symptoms+signs/eponymous, proc reproductive system navs: anat female,male/physio/dev, noncongen/congen/neoplasia, symptoms+signs/eponymous, proc