Upper limb
Front of right upper extremity.
Back of right upper extremity.
Latin	membrum superius
Gray's	subject #289 1325

In human anatomy, the upper limb (also upper extremity) refers to the region distal to the deltoid.^[1]

In formal usage, the term "arm" only refers to the structures from the shoulder to the elbow, explicitly excluding the forearm, and thus "upper limb" and "arm" are not synonymous. However, in casual usage, the terms are often used interchangeably. The term "upper arm" is redundant in anatomy, but in informal usage is used to distinguish between the two terms.

[edit] General structures

The upper limb includes the following structures:

• Shoulder
• Arm (proper) - in anatomy, the region between the shoulder and the elbow
• Elbow
• Forearm
• Wrist
• Hand

Note that anatomists use the term arm to denote only the region between the shoulder and the elbow. This is in contrast to the proper English definition.^{[citation needed]} Anatomists also use the term leg to refer to the region between the knee and the ankle. This, however, is the proper and traditional usage of the word, even though popular modern usage tends to include the thigh and foot in the definition.

[edit] Bones

The following bones are considered to be part of the upper limb:

• Clavicle - the only bone that directly articulates with the trunk
• Scapula
• Humerus
• Radius
• Ulna
• Carpal bones
• Metacarpals
• Phalanges

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[edit] References

v • d • e Human anatomy (TA A01.1) Head Forehead · Ear · Jaw · Face (Cheek, Eye, Nose, Mouth, Chin) · Occiput · Scalp · Temple Neck Throat · Adam's apple Torso Breast · Thorax · Abdomen · Navel · Back · Pelvis Sex organs Limbs Upper limb Shoulder · Axilla · Arm Elbow · Forearm Wrist · Hand · Finger (Thumb · Index · Middle · Ring · Little) Lower limb/ (see also leg) Hip · Buttocks · Thigh Knee · Calf · Crus Ankle · Heel · Foot · Toe (Hallux · Fifth) · Sole Skin Hair

v • d • e Bones of upper limbs (TA A02.4, GA 2.200-230) Pectoral girdle, clavicle conoid tubercle · trapezoid line · costal tuberosity · subclavian groove Scapula fossae (subscapular, supraspinatous, infraspinatous) · suprascapular notch · glenoid cavity tubercles (infraglenoid, supraglenoid) · spine of scapula · acromion · coracoid process borders (superior, lateral/axillary, medial/vertebral) · angles (superior, inferior, lateral) Humerus upper extremity: necks (anatomical, surgical) · tubercles (greater, lesser) · intertubercular sulcus body: radial sulcus · deltoid tuberosity lower extremity: capitulum · trochlea · epicondyles (lateral, medial) · supracondylar ridges (lateral, medial) · fossae (radial, coronoid, olecranon) Forearm radius: upper extremity (head, tuberosity) · body · lower extremity (ulnar notch, styloid process) ulna: upper extremity (tuberosity, olecranon, coronoid process, radial notch, trochlear notch) · body · lower extremity (head, styloid process) Hand carpus: scaphoid · lunate · triquetral · pisiform · trapezium · trapezoid · capitate · hamate (hamulus) metacarpus: 1st metacarpal · 2nd · 3rd · 4th · 5th phalanges of the hand: proximal · intermediate · distal

v • d • e Joints and ligaments of upper limbs (TA A03.5, GA 3.313) Shoulder Sternoclavicular Anterior sternoclavicular · Posterior sternoclavicular · Interclavicular · Costoclavicular Acromioclavicular Syndesmoses: Coracoacromial · Superior transverse scapular · Inferior transverse of scapula Synovial: Acromioclavicular · Coracoclavicular (trapezoid, conoid) Glenohumeral Capsule · Coracohumeral · Glenohumeral (superior, middle, and inferior) · Transverse humeral · Glenoid labrum Elbow Humeroradial Radial collateral Humeroulnar Ulnar collateral Proximal radioulnar Anular · Oblique cord Forearm Distal radioulnar Volar radioulnar · Dorsal radioulnar · Interosseous membrane of forearm Joints of hand Wrist/radiocarpal Palmar radiocarpal · Dorsal radiocarpal · Palmar ulnocarpal · Ulnar collateral · Radial collateral Intercarpal, midcarpal Pisohamate · Scapholunate Carpometacarpal Dorsal carpometacarpal · Palmar carpometacarpal (pisometacarpal) Intermetacarpal Deep transverse metacarpal · Superficial transverse metacarpal Metacarpophalangeal Palmar · Collateral Interphalangeal Palmar · Collateral Other Carpal tunnel · Ulnar canal

v • d • e List of muscles of upper limbs (TA A04.6, GA 4.432) Shoulder deltoid · rotator cuff (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis) · teres major fascia: Deltoid fascia · Supraspinous fascia · Infraspinous fascia Arm (compartments) Anterior coracobrachialis · biceps brachii · brachialis Posterior triceps brachii · anconeus · Articularis cubiti Fascia Axillary sheath · Axillary fascia · Brachial fascia · intermuscular septa (Lateral, Medial) Other spaces (Quadrangular space, Triangular space, Triangular interval) Forearm Anterior superficial: pronator teres · palmaris longus · flexor carpi radialis · flexor carpi ulnaris · flexor digitorum superficialis deep: pronator quadratus · flexor digitorum profundus · flexor pollicis longus Posterior superficial: mobile wad (brachioradialis, extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis) · extensor digitorum · extensor digiti minimi · extensor carpi ulnaris deep: supinator · anatomical snuff box (abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, extensor pollicis longus) · extensor indicis Fascia Bicipital aponeurosis · common tendons (Extensor, Flexor) · Antebrachial fascia Other Cubital tunnel Hand Lateral volar thenar (opponens pollicis, flexor pollicis brevis, abductor pollicis brevis) · adductor pollicis Medial volar hypothenar (opponens digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis, abductor minimi digiti) · palmaris brevis Intermediate lumbrical · interossei (dorsal, palmar) Fascia posterior: Extensor retinaculum · Extensor expansion anterior: Flexor retinaculum · Palmar aponeurosis

v • d • e List of arteries of upper limbs (TA A12.2.09, GA 6.575) Axillary Shoulder scapular anastomosis – 1st part superior thoracic 2nd part thoracoacromial (deltoid branch) – lateral thoracic 3rd part subscapular (circumflex scapular, thoracodorsal) – anterior humeral circumflex – posterior humeral circumflex Brachial Before split profunda brachii (radial collateral, medial collateral) – ulnar collateral (superior, inferior) Radial forearm: radial recurrent wrist/carpus: dorsal carpal branch – palmar carpal branch hand: superficial palmar branch – princeps pollicis  – Radialis indices artery (radial of index finger) Ulnar forearm: ulnar recurrent (anterior, posterior) – common interosseous (anterior, posterior, recurrent) wrist/carpus: dorsal carpal branch – palmar carpal branch hand: deep palmar branch Arches dorsal carpal arch: dorsal metacarpal (dorsal digital) palmar carpal arch superficial palmar arch: common palmar digital (proper palmar digital) deep palmar arch: palmar metacarpal

v • d • e Veins of upper limbs (TA A12.3.08, GA 7.660) superficial - hand/forearm Dorsal digital · Dorsal metacarpal · Dorsal network · Palmar digital · Intercapitular superficial - arm Cephalic · Median cubital · Accessory cephalic · Basilic · Median antebrachial deep - hand/forearm Palmar metacarpal · Superficial palmar arch · Deep palmar arch deep - arm Radial · Ulnar · Brachial · Axillary

v • d • e Lymphatics of upper limbs (TA A13.3.01, GA 8.699) Axillary brachial · pectoral axillary · subscapular axillary · central · apical subclavian trunk Other supratrochlear · deltopectoral

v • d • e Nerves of upper limbs (primarily): the brachial plexus (C5-T1) (TA A14.2.03, GA 9.930) Supraclavicular root (dorsal scapular, long thoracic) · upper trunk (suprascapular, to the subclavius) Infraclavicular lateral cord lateral pectoral musculocutaneous (lateral cutaneous of forearm) median/lateral root: anterior interosseous · palmar · recurrent · common palmar digital (proper palmar digital) medial cord medial pectoral cutaneous: medial cutaneous of forearm · medial cutaneous of arm ulnar: muscular · palmar · dorsal (dorsal digital nerves) · superficial (common palmar digital, proper palmar digital) · deep median/medial root: see above posterior cord subscapular (upper, lower) · thoracodorsal axillary (superior lateral cutaneous of arm) radial: muscular · cutaneous (posterior of arm, inferior lateral of arm, posterior of forearm) · superficial (dorsal digital nerves) · deep (posterior interosseous) Other cutaneous innervation of the upper limbs

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