UUNET founded in 1987, was one of the largest Internet service providers and one of the nine Tier 1 networks. It was based in Northern Virginia and was the first commercial Internet service provider. Today, UUNET is an internal brand of Verizon Business (formerly MCI).

Contents 1 History 1.1 Background 1.2 Early existence 1.3 Mergers and acquisitions 1.4 Verizon 2 Spam 2.1 SpewSpewNet 2.2 Verizon 3 Timeline 4 References 5 External links

[edit] History

[edit] Background

Prior to its founding, access to Usenet and E-mail exchange from non-ARPANET sites was accomplished using a cooperative network of systems running the UUCP protocol over POTS lines. During the mid-1980s, growth of this network began to put considerable strain on the resources voluntarily provided by the larger UUCP hubs. This prompted Rick Adams, a system administrator at the Center for Seismic Studies, to explore the possibilities of providing these services commercially as a way to reduce the burden on the existing hubs.

[edit] Early existence

With funding in the form of a loan from Usenix, UUNET Communications Services began operations in 1987 as a non-profit corporation providing Usenet feeds, E-mail exchange and access to a large repository of software source code and related information. The venture proved successful and shed its non-profit status within two years. At the same time, the company changed its name to UUNET Technologies. In 1990, UUNET launched its AlterNet service, which provided access to an IP backbone independent of the constraints of those operated by the government. That network lives on in a much larger form and serves as the core of a set of products which include access at dial-up and broadband speeds as well as web hosting.

In the mid 1990s, UUNET was the fastest-growing ISP, outpacing MCI and Sprint. At its peak, Internet traffic was doubling every few months, which translates to 10x growth each year. The public disclosures of this growth substantially fueled the expectations of the dot.com and telecom companies of the late 1990s, leading to the dot-com bubble and crash in 2000/2001.

[edit] Mergers and acquisitions

In 1996, UUNET was acquired by WorldCom as part of WorldCom's purchase of MFS Communications Company.

In 2001, UUNET was fully integrated with WorldCom and the name was dropped from all official documents.

In 2002, the owner of UUNET at that time (WorldCom) filed for what was then the largest Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in history.

In the late 1990s, UUNET was known as a haven for hosts who send large quantities of spam. In the early 2000s, UUNET took several measures to reduce the amount of spam that traverses its global backbone.

As of 2005^[update], its Internet service and infrastructure, assigned AS701 maintained the highest outdegree of any ISP.^{[clarification needed][1][2]}

[edit] Verizon

In 2006, WorldCom was purchased by Verizon Communications and now operates under the Verizon Business name.

[edit] Spam

[edit] SpewSpewNet

After it had been sold and resold during the onset of the dot-com bubble, UUNET acquired the nickname SpewSpewNET. This nickname was given because UUNET had become a home for many distributors of spam, including distributors of both Newsgroup spam and E-mail spam. UUNET also became known for providing bulletproof hosting to many web pages whose chief form of advertisement was spam. Because UUNET started with a loan from Usenix and controlled the e-mail addresses for moderated Usenet groups, it was hard to block email traffic to or from Usenet. In 1997, UUNET had lost so much credit that on August 1^st, after finding alternate routes for moderated newsgroups, a Usenet death penalty (UDP) was issued against UUNET.^[3] A week later, the UDP was lifted.^[4] In 1998 UUNET threatened legal action^[5] for hosting a GIF with "SPAMUNET" on it.

[edit] Verizon

Although UUNET was purchased by Verizon on 2007-06-08, it still is the ISP for many spammers. Verizon has been working to significantly reduce this. As of April 2006 Spamhaus listed 83 known spam sources under the responsibility of Verizon Business. Now Verizon has 27 listings (down from more than 200 when it had just bought the remnants of MCI).^[6]

[edit] Timeline

• 1987 - UUNET Communications Services is founded and passes its first traffic via the CompuServe Network on May 12 using UUCP (Unix to Unix Copy Protocol).
• 1989 - UUNET becomes a for-profit corporation
• 1990 - UUNET launches AlterNet
• 1991 - UUNET participates in the founding of the Commercial Internet Exchange Association
• 1994 - Microsoft paid $16.4 million for a 15 percent share of the company
• 1995 - In May, UUNET is listed on the NASDAQ stock market in an initial public offering that would become part of the beginning of the dot-com boom.
• 1995 - UUNET Technologies Inc places a takeover bid against Unipalm Pipex.^[7]
• 1996 - UUNET Technologies agreed to a merger with the Microsoft backed MSF Communications Company.^[8]
• 1996 - Metropolitan Fiber Systems (MFS) acquires UUNET for $2 Billion
• 1996 - WorldCom acquires MFS on New Year's Eve - Dec. 31st at 11:58 p.m EST for $12.4 billion
• 1997 - Usenet death penalty (UDP) issued against UUNET, and lifted a week later
• 1998 - On September 15, WorldCom and MCI announced their US$37 billion merger to form MCI WorldCom after being given the go-ahead from the DOJ.^[9]
• 1998 - WorldCom acquires CompuServe Network Services from H&R Block and ANS Communications from AOL. Both become part of UUNET in 1999.
• 1999 - On October 5, MCI Worldcom announces its intentions to buy Sprint for $129 billion.
• 2000 - The European Commission and DOJ denied the MCI WorldCom / Sprint merger on Anti-Trust Grounds.
• 2000 - The UUNET brand is folded into WorldCom's product line and disappears
• 2003 - The UUNET brand re-emerges as WorldCom's wholesale-only brand
• 2004 - WorldCom renames itself to MCI, still using the UUNET brand for wholesale business.
• 2005 - MCI again drops the UUNET brand for wholesale business. The name is no longer in use.
• 2006 - Verizon acquires MCI, including its UUNET subsidiary, now known as Verizon Business. AS701 remains the backbone of Verizon Business although its origin dates back to 1990 when it was under the UUNET flag.

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• UUNET (redirects to Verizon)
• Tim O'Reilly discusses UUNET as an open source-derived business. Includes some history.
• Discussions about UUNET spam in news:news.admin.net-abuse.email.
• Usenet message in comp.org.usenix announcing UUNET creation (Jan 29 1987)
• Estimated spam Business on UUNET