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Tombouctou Region
Capital	Tombouctou
Population	453052 (1987) inhabitants
Census	2001
Area	408977 km²
Density	1.1/km²
Map

Tombouctou is the largest northern-most region of Mali, comprised mostly of the Southwestern section of the Sahara desert.

Tombouctou region is famous outside Mali for its capital, the ancient city Timbuktu (or as known in French, Tombouctou), synonymous to 19th century Europeans as an elusive, hard-to-reach destination. The city gained world fame in 1390 when its ruler, Mansa Musa, went on a pilgrimage to Mecca, stopping with his entourage in Egypt and dispensing enough gold to devalue the Egyptian currency. This started the legend of a city in the interior of Africa, where roads were said to be paved with gold and buildings topped with roofs of gold.

The city is located at the southern edge of the Sahara, near the Niger River, which has headwaters in the highlands very near the Atlantic coast before its long 1500 mile journey to the northeast, before finally turning south to reach the Atlantic. The riches of the kingdom were due to Tombouctou's position as the southern terminus of the trans-Sahara salt and gold trade route. At its peak, the city was home to 100,000 with 25,000 associated with the University of Sankore, an important Islamic university, known as the "Oxford of West Africa."

Tombouctou's decline began with the capture of the city by Morocco in 1590. Many Islamic scholars were dispersed, some to Morocco. Morocco had difficulty holding onto the city, as the supply lines were long compared to the closer kingdoms vying for dominance of the region. Ultimately, however, it was the rise of sea trade along the West Africa coast that doomed the overland routes that connected North Africa to sub-Saharan Africa. The city lost its economic base and its fine university was not enough to save Timbuktu from decline.

Cut off from major trade routes, the city retained an aura of spectacular treasure. When French explorers rediscovered the city in 1815 they were disappointed to find a sand-blown city of low mud buildings.

The region was marginalized under French colonial control, which ended in 1960. The French opened up shorter trade routes to the Atlantic, cutting into the trans-Sahara trading economy.