Tom Regan (born November 28, 1938 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) is an American philosopher who specializes in animal rights theory. He was professor emeritus of philosophy at North Carolina State University, where he taught from 1967 until his retirement in 2001.

Regan is the author of four books on the philosophy of animal rights, including The Case for Animal Rights, one of a handful of studies that have significantly influenced the modern animal liberation movement. In these, he argues that non-human animals are what he calls the "subjects-of-a-life," just as humans are, and that, if we want to ascribe value to all human beings regardless of their ability to be rational agents, then to be consistent, we must similarly ascribe it to non-humans.

Contents 1 Background 2 Animal rights 3 Works 4 See also 5 References 6 External links

[edit] Background

Regan graduated from Thiel College in 1960, receiving his M.A. in 1962 and his Ph.D. in 1966 from the University of Virginia. He taught philosophy at North Carolina State University from 1967 until 2001.

[edit] Animal rights

Animal rights Notable activists Greg Avery · David Barbarash Mel Broughton · Rod Coronado Barry Horne · Ronnie Lee Keith Mann · Ingrid Newkirk Heather Nicholson · Jill Phipps Henry Spira · Andrew Tyler Jerry Vlasak · Paul Watson · Robin Webb Notable writers Carol Adams · Jeremy Bentham Steven Best · Stephen Clark Gary Francione · Gill Langley Mary Midgley · Tom Regan Bernard Rollin · Richard Ryder Henry Salt · Peter Singer · Steven Wise · Roger Yates Notable groups/campaigns List of animal rights groups Animal Aid · ALDF · ALF · BUAV GAP · Hunt Saboteurs · PETA · PCRM Sea Shepherd · SPEAK · SHAC Issues Animal liberation movement Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act Animal law · Animal testing Bile bear · Blood sport Covance · Draize test Factory farming · Fur trade Great Ape research ban · HLS Lab animal sources · LD50 Meat · Nafovanny · Open rescue Operation Backfire · Primate trade Seal hunting · Speciesism Cases Britches · Brown Dog affair Cambridge · Pit of despair Silver Spring monkeys Unnecessary Fuss Films Animal rights films Behind the Mask · Earthlings The Animals Film Peaceable Kingdom · Unnecessary Fuss Books and magazines Animal rights books Animal rights magazines Animal Liberation Arkangel · Bite Back No Compromise Related categories ALF · Animal testing Animal law · Animal rights AR movement Livestock · Meat Poultry Related templates Agriculture · Animal testing Fishing This box: view • talk • edit

In The Case for Animal Rights, Regan argues that non-human animals bear moral rights. His philosophy aligns broadly within the tradition of Immanuel Kant, though he rejects Kant's idea that respect is due only to rational beings. Regan points out that we routinely ascribe inherent value, and thus the right to be treated with respect, to humans who are not rational, including infants and the severely mentally impaired.

The crucial attribute that all humans have in common, he argues, is not rationality, but the fact that each of us has a life that matters to us; in other words, what happens to us matters to us, regardless of whether it matters to anyone else. In Regan's terminology, we each experience being the "subject-of-a-life." If this is the true basis for ascribing inherent value to individuals, to be consistent we must ascribe inherent value, and hence moral rights, to all subjects-of-a-life, whether human or non-human. The basic right that all who possess inherent value have, he argues, is the right never to be treated merely as a means to the ends of others.

In Regan's view, not to be used as a means entails the right to be treated with respect, which includes the right not to be harmed. This right, however, is not absolute, as, there are times when to respect someone’s right not to be harmed, another’s right not to be harmed must be overridden. His philosophy employs principles such as the miniride principle (a.k.a. minimize overriding) and the worse-off principle to deal with these situations. The miniride principle is that when faced with overriding the rights of many innocent beings versus the rights of few innocent beings—when each individual involved would be equally harmed—we should override the rights of the few. The worse-off principle states that, when individuals involved are not harmed in a comparable way given a certain course of action, we should mitigate the situation of those who would be worse-off. Thus, if the harm of a few innocent beings is less than the harm to many innocent beings, the right action is to override the rights of the many. As this relates to animal rights, Regan asserts an animal’s harm in death is not tantamount to the human’s harm in similar circumstance. This is supposedly because the ending of an animal life entails the loss of fewer opportunities when compared to the loss of a human’s. In Regan’s view then, when having to choose between an animal life and a human life, or even the lives of many animals and a human life, the human life ought always have priority.

Supporters argue that Regan's argument for animal rights does not rely on a radical new theory of ethics, but that it follows from a consistent application of moral principles and insights that many of us already hold with respect to the ethical treatment of human beings. However, others criticize the lack of certainty with which Regan's "inherent value" or "subject-of-a-life" status can be determined, and note that the sufficient conditions he lists — for example, having sense-perceptions, beliefs, desires, motives, and memory — in effect reduce to "similarity to humans". According to Regan, it follows from the ascription to animals of the basic right to be treated with respect that we should abolish the breeding of animals for food, animal experimentation, and commercial hunting. Regan himself is a self-confessed 'muddler.' Starting as a leather-wearing, circus-visiting meat eater, a series of musings, experiences, and insights led him to conclude he was morally unable to use animals for meat, clothing or any other purpose that does not respect their rights.

[edit] Works

• Empty Cages: Facing the Challenge of Animal Rights, published by Rowman and Littlefield, Lanham, Maryland, (2004). ISBN 0-7425-3352-2, 229 pages.
• Tom Regan. "Die Tierrechtsdebatte". Interdisziplinäre Arbeitsgemeinschaft Tierethik (Hrsg.). Tierrechte - Eine interdisziplinäre Herausforderung. Erlangen 2007. ISBN 978-3-89131-417-3
• The Case for Animal Rights, University of California Press (1983, 1985, 2004)
• All That Dwell Therein: Essays on Animal Rights and Environmental Ethics (1982)
• Animal Sacrifices: Religious Perspectives on the Use of Animals in Science (1986)
• Defending Animal Rights, University of Illinois Press (2001). ISBN 0-252-02611-X

[edit] See also

• Intrinsic value (animal ethics)
• Animal Liberation Front
• Animal Liberation Front Supporters Group
• Argument from Marginal Cases
• Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty
• People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
• Peter Singer
• Stephen Clark
• Animal rights
• Rodney Coronado
• Barry Horne, Henry Spira
• GANDALF trial
• Craig Rosebraugh
• Animal testing, Vivisection
• Vegetarianism, Veganism
• List of American philosophers

[edit] References

• An American Philosopher: The Career of Tom Regan
• Empty Cages: Facing the Challenge of Animal Rights, Tom Regan's website

[edit] External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Tom Regan

• The Culture and Animals Foundation
• Video of Tom Regan's lecture "Animal Rights: An Introduction." at the Interdisciplinary Lectures on Animal Rights at the Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg on the 24th of May 2006
• Vegetarian Voices - Portuguese
• Tom Regan Papers, 1951-2001