Tocotrienol Information & Tocotrienol Links at HealthHaven.com
advertise
add site
services
publishers
database
health videos
Bookmark and Share

search wiki for    ?
web dir firms image gallery news pdf wiki shop video 
about
toolbar
stats
live show
health store
more stuff
JOIN/LOGIN
Featured Results:
Tocotrienol by Life Extension: Tocotrienol 60 soft gelcaps 50 milligrams...
Tocotrienol by Life Extension: Tocotrienol 60 soft gelcaps 50 milligrams...
acuatlanta.net		 Unique Tocotrienol - Additive-Free Tocotrienol Complex
Unique Tocotrienol - Additive-Free Tocotrienol Complex
drrons.com		 - Imitators don't offer Tocotrienol s - Free Shipping, Lower...
- Imitators don't offer Tocotrienols - Free Shipping, Lower...
lifeextensionvitamins.com		 
General chemical structure of tocotrienols

Tocotrienols are members of the vitamin E family.[1] An essential nutrient for our body, vitamin E is made up of four tocopherols (alpha, beta, gamma, delta) and four tocotrienols (alpha, beta, gamma, delta).[2] The primary function of vitamin E is to serve as an antioxidant.[3] Without vitamin E, cell membranes, active enzyme sites, and DNA are less protected from free radical damage.

alpha-Tocopherol is the main source found in supplements and in the European diet, while gamma-tocopherol is the most common form in the American diet.

Tocotrienols are natural compounds found in select vegetable oils, wheat germ, barley, saw palmetto, and certain types of nuts and grains. This variant of vitamin E only occur at very low levels in nature.[4]

While the majority of research on vitamin E has focused on alpha-tocopherol, studies into tocotrienols account for less than 1% of all research into vitamin E.[5]

Symptoms caused by alpha-tocopherol deficiency can be alleviated by tocotrienols. Thus, tocotrienols may be viewed as being members of the natural vitamin E family not only structurally but also functionally. The slight difference between tocotrienols and tocopherols lie in the unsaturated side chain having three double bonds in its farnesyl isoprenoid tail.[6][7] All of the isomers have some level of antioxidant activity due to the donating hydrogen atom from the hydroxyl group on the chromanol ring that reduce free radicals in the body.

Tocotrienols are named by analogy to tocopherols (from Greek words meaning to bear a pregnancy (see tocopherol); but with this word changed to include the chemical difference that tocotrienols are trienes, meaning that they share identical structure with the tocopherols except for the addition of three double bonds to their side chains.

Tocotrienols extracted from natural sources are labelled as 'd-tocotrienols'.

Contents

[edit] Discovery of tocotrienols

The discovery of tocotrienols was first reported by Pennock and Whittle in 1964, describing the isolation of tocotrienols from rubber.[8] The biological significance of tocotrienols was not clearly appreciated until the early 1980s, when its ability to lower lipids was first reported. During the 1990s, the different biological properties of tocopherols and tocotrienols began to be delineated.[9]

Tocotrienols are found in high concentrations in palm oil, naturally comprising high levels of the alpha-, gamma-, delta-tocotrienols with small quantity of beta-tocotrienol.[10] Other natural tocotrienol sources include rice bran oil, coconut oil, cocoa butter, barley and wheat germ.[11] Sunflower, peanut, walnut, sesame and olive oils, however contain only tocopherols.[12]

Vitamin E supplements typically supply 50-200 mg/day of mixed tocotrienols. Tocotrienols at doses as small as 42 mg/day have been found to reduce blood cholesterol levels by 5-35% in a number of different clinical trials.[13] Tocotrienols are safe and human studies show no adverse effects with consumption of 240 mg/day for 18-24 months.[14]

Tocotrienol rich fractions, used in functional food and anti-aging cosmetics, are available in the market at 20%, 50% and 70% total vitamin E content, with a typical ratio of tocotrienols to tocopherols at 70:30. Molecular distillation occurs at low temperatures and reduces the problem of thermal decomposition. High vacuum also eliminates oxidation that might occur in the presence of air.[15]

Vitamin E, be it tocopherols or tocotrienols are extremely sensitive towards heat.

[edit] Types

Type R1 R2 R3
alpha-Tocotrienol Me Me Me
beta-Tocotrienol Me H Me
gamma-Tocotrienol Me Me H
delta-Tocotrienol Me H H

[edit] Comparison of tocotrienol and tocopherol

Tocotrienols are forms of natural vitamin E that can protect against brain cell damage,[16] prevent cancer[17] and reduce cholesterol.[18] These superior biological characteristics, however, are not present in tocopherols.[19]

Since the 1980s, there have been more studies proving tocotrienols are more potent in their anti-oxidation[20] and anti-cancer effect[21][22] than the common forms of tocopherol due its chemical structure. The unsaturated side-chain in tocotrienols makes them penetrate tissues with saturated fatty layers more efficiently,[23] making them ideal for anti-aging oral supplements[24] and skincare range.[25] Tocotrienols are better able than tocopherols at combating oxidative stress of skin that had been exposed to UV rays of the sunlight.[26]

Vitamin E has long been known for its antioxidative properties against lipid peroxidation in biological membranes and alpha-tocopherol is considered to be the most active form. However, since 2000, scientists have suggested tocotrienols are better antioxidants than tocopherols[27][28] at preventing cardiovascular diseases[29] and cancer.[30] From the pharmacological standpoint, current formulation of vitamin E supplements, which comprised mainly of alpha- tocopherol, seems questionable.[31]

[edit] Synthetic tocotrienols

Although not currently available, tocotrienols can be synthesized through chemical reactions, labeled as 'dl-tocotrienols'. Chemically synthesized tocotrienols consist of both normal and its laterally inverted compounds, which are mirror-reflections of each other. The left version has the same structure but laterally inverted compared to the right version.[32]

[edit] Health benefits of tocotrienols

[edit] Tocotrienols and stroke-induced Injuries

In the peer-reviewed Stroke journal (Oct 2005), oral supplementation of a natural full spectrum palm tocotrienol complex to spontaneously hypertensive rats led to increased tocotrienols level in the brain. The rats, supplemented with tocotrienols, showed more protection against stroke-induced injury compared to controls (non-supplemented group). This study demonstrated that oral supplementation of the palm tocotrienol complex acts on key molecular checkpoints (c-Src and 12-Lipoxygenase) to protect against glutamate- and stroke-induced neurodegeneration and ultimately protect against stroke in vivo.[33] The protective effects of tocotrienols are independent of their antioxidant activity because tocopherols were effective only at higher concentrates.[34]

In 2005, a study jointly undertaken at Wayne State University and Ohio State University Medical Center show that tocotrienol can be efficiently delivered to organs and could therefore offer the health benefits suggested by in vitro and in vivo studies.[35] "Our results demonstrate that tocotrienols is efficiently delivered to the bloodstream despite the fact that the transfer protein has a lower affinity for tocotrienols than it has for tocopherols," said Chandan Sen of Ohio State University and senior author of the study.[cite this quote]

The researchers recruited women with normal cholesterol levels (average age of 23.5 years old) and gave them a fat-rich strawberry smoothie containing 400 mg of vitamin E containing 77 mg alpha-tocotrienol, 96 mg delta-tocotrienol, and 3 mg gamma-tocotrienol, plus tocopherols. Since vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin, the researchers chose to deliver the micronutrient in a fat-loaded meal in order to improve absorption. Blood measurements in the post-prandial period showed that maximal alpha-tocotrienol levels averaged almost 3 micromoles in blood plasma, 1.7 micromoles in low density lipoproteins, and 0.5 micromoles in high density lipoproteins. "This work present first evidence demonstrating the post-absorptive fate of tocotrienol isomers and their association with lipoprotein subfractions in humans," wrote lead author Pramod Khosla of Wayne State University.[cite this quote]

These concentrations, say the researchers, are sufficient to support the proposed neuro-protective functions of tocotrienol. "We have determined that when administered orally, tocotrienol can reach concentrations needed to serve these… protective functions," said Sen. "It is a regular dietary ingredient in Asia, so it can safely be a part of a daily diet within prepared foods or as a supplement in the United States." Can it be therapeutically used to prevent stroke? "Results from animal studies are encouraging, but it is still too soon to tell for humans," he added.[cite this quote]

[edit] Tocotrienols and pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancer represents the fourth-leading cause of cancer death in the United States, with a dismal 5-year survival rate of less than 5%. Early detection and screening for pancreatic cancer in the current state should be limited to high-risk patients, although hereditary/familial factors account for only 10% of patients with pancreatic cancer.[36][37]

Tocotrienols are more effective antioxidants than tocopherols because its unsaturated side chain facilitate better penetration into saturated fatty layers of the brain[38] and liver.[39] Tocotrienols can lower tumor formation,[40] DNA damage and cell damage.[41] In a 1993 study where rats were induced with potent liver cancer agent, scientists found less liver cell damage in the group fed with palm tocotrienols.[22][42]

In 2009, scientists at Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Texas Woman's University evaluated the impact of d-delta-tocotrienol, a potent vitamin E isomer, on human MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1 pancreatic carcinoma cells and BxPC-3 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells. They concluded suppression of mevalonate pathway activities, be it by modulators of HMG CoA reductase (statins, tocotrienols, and farnesol), farnesyl transferase (farnesyl transferase inhibitors), and/or mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylase (phenylacetate) activity, have a potential in pancreatic cancer chemotherapy.[43] Moreover, a Phase I dose-escalating study evaluating the effect of a pure Tocotrienol delta isomer extracted from palm oil towards individuals with Pancreatic cancer is currently underway at the Moffitt Cancer Centre, and is the first time tocotrienol has been clinically evaluated in humans towards cancer.[44]

[edit] Tocotrienols and breast cancer

In the 1990s, studies showed tocotrienols are the components of vitamin E responsible for growth inhibition in human breast cancer cells in vitro,[45] through estrogen-independent mechanisms.[46] Tocotrienols work synergistically with tamoxifen, a commonly used breast cancer medicine, in killing cancer cells.[47]

Tocotrienols can also affect cell homeostasis, possibly independently of their antioxidant activity.[48] Anti-cancer effects of α- and γ-tocotrienol have been reported, although δ-tocotrienol was verified to be the most effective tocotrienol in inducing apoptosis[49] (cell death) in estrogen-responsive and estrogen-nonresponsive human breast cancer cells. Based on these results on cells in culture, investigators have hypothesised that a mixture of α- and γ-tocotrienols might reduce breast cancer risk.[50]

In 2009, a study by scientists at the College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe showed statins and tocotrienols provide significant health benefits in the treatment of breast cancer in women, while avoiding myotoxicity associated with high dose statin monotherapy.[51]

[edit] Tocotrienols and prostate cancer

Investigation of the antiproliferative effect of tocotrienols in PC3 and LNCaP prostate cancer cells suggests that the transformation of vitamin E to CEHC is mostly a detoxification mechanism, useful to maintain the malignant properties of prostate cancer cells.[52] However, recent research suggested that γ-tocotrienol was most potent in suppressing prostate cancer cell proliferation, and that the antiproliferative effect of γ-tocotrienol act through multiple-signalling pathways (NF-B, EGF-R and Id family proteins). In addition, the same study demonstrated the anti-invasion and chemosensitisation effect of γ-tocotrienol against PCa cells. [53]

[edit] Tocotrienols and skin cancer

In a 2009 study at the Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, scientists found reduction in skin cancer cells when treated with gamma-tocotrienol with chemotherapy drugs. For the first time, researchers recorded the anti-invasion and chemonsensitization effect of gamma-tocotrienol against human malignant melanoma cells.[54]

[edit] Tocotrienols and cholesterol reduction

The human body makes cholesterol from the liver, producing about 1g of cholesterol each day or 80% of the needed total body cholesterol. The remaining 20% comes from what we eat. Excessive cholesterol is a health risk because gradual fatty deposit clog up the arteries. This will cause blood flow to the brain, heart, kidneys and other parts of the body become less efficient.

Cholesterol, though needed metabolically, is not essential in diet. We can lower cholesterol in our body by eating more fruits and vegetables. Tocotrienols can decrease the liver's capacity to manufacture cholesterol. It does so by suppressing the HMG-CoA reductase, the enzyme in the liver responsible for cholesterol synthesis.[18]

In 1993, American scientists conducted a double-blind placebo controlled study of 50 volunteers at the Kenneth Jordan Heart Foundation and Elmhurst Medical Center. Their results suggested that palm tocotrienols could ease clogged up arteries. Seven high cholesterol patients with narrowing arteries experienced reverse arterial blockage of the carotid artery after consuming palm tocotrienols, while in two the conditioned worsened.[55] This compared to the control group, where none improved and ten worsened.

Tocotrienols, especially δ- and γ-tocotrienols, were shown to be effective nutritional agents in treating high cholesterol. In particular, γ-tocotrienol appears to act on a specific enzyme called 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme and suppresses the production of this enzyme, resulting in less cholesterol being manufactured by liver cells.[56] However, studies have demonstrated that the presence of dietary alpha-tocopherol may interfere with gamma-tocotrienol's ability to lower cholesterol[57] and may decrease the absorption of tocotrienol.[58]

[edit] Tocotrienols and diabetes

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 170 million people were affected by diabetes in the year 2002, and this number is likely to increase to 366 million by the year 2030.[59] Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been recognized as the sole independent risk factor for the development of any cardiovascular disease.[60] Cardiovascular complications include stroke and heart attack, are increasingly causing death in diabetic patients. Alarmingly, literature statistics indicate that atherosclerosis accounts for about 8 to 10% of all diabetic deaths.[61]

Recent studies are showing that vitamin E intake significantly reduce risk of type 2 diabetes. The relative risk (RR) of type 2 diabetes between the extreme quartiles of the intake was 0.69 (95% CI 0.51-0.94, P for trend=0.003). Intakes of alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol, delta-tocopherol, and beta-tocotrienol were inversely related to a risk of type 2 diabetes. While correlation does not imply causation, these data suggest the possibility that the development of type 2 diabetes might be modified by the intake of antioxidants in the diet.[62]

In 2009, animal trials carried out in India and Malaysia revealed palm tocotrienols improved blood glucose, dyslipidemia and oxidative stress in diabetic rats. It is able to prevent the progression of vascular wall changes occurring in DM.[63][64]

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ Whittle, KJ; Dunphy; Pennock (01 Jul 1966). "The isolation and properties of delta-tocotrienol from Hevea latex" (Free full text). The Biochemical journal 100 (1): 138–45. ISSN 0264-6021. PMID 5965249. PMC 1265104. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=5965249. 
  2. ^ Brigelius-Flohé, R; Traber (01 Jul 1999). "Vitamin E: function and metabolism" (Free full text). The FASEB journal 13 (10): 1145–55. ISSN 0892-6638. PMID 10385606. http://www.fasebj.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10385606. 
  3. ^ Cerecetto, H; López (Mar 2007). "Antioxidants derived from vitamin E: an overview". Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry 7 (3): 315–38. doi:10.2174/138955707780059871. ISSN 1389-5575. PMID 17346221. 
  4. ^ Vitamin E in health and disease.By Lester Packer, Jürgen Fuchs, 1993
  5. ^ Sen, CK; Khanna; Roy (Oct 2007). "Tocotrienols in health and disease: the other half of the natural vitamin E family". Molecular aspects of medicine 28 (5-6): 692–728. doi:10.1016/j.mam.2007.03.001. ISSN 0098-2997. PMID 17507086. 
  6. ^ Kamal-Eldin, A; Appelqvist (Jul 1996). "The chemistry and antioxidant properties of tocopherols and tocotrienols". Lipids 31 (7): 671–701. doi:10.1007/BF02522884. ISSN 0024-4201. PMID 8827691. 
  7. ^ Clarke, MW; Burnett; Croft (2008). "Vitamin E in human health and disease". Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences 45 (5): 417–50. doi:10.1080/10408360802118625. ISSN 1040-8363. PMID 18712629. 
  8. ^ Dunphy, P. J. (1965). "Identification and Estimation of Tocotrienols in Hevea Latex". Nature 207: 521. doi:10.1038/207521a0. 
  9. ^ Tocotrienols: Vitamin E Beyond Tocopherols By Ronald R. Watson, Victor R. Preedy, 2008
  10. ^ Natural Sources of Tocotrienols. by ASH Ong In: Vitamin E in Health and Disease, Lester Packer and Jurgen Fuchs; Eds. 1024 pages. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1993.
  11. ^ Packer, Lester; Weber, Stefan U; Rimbach, Gerald (01 Feb 2001). "Molecular Aspects of α-Tocotrienol Antioxidant Action and Cell Signalling". Journal of Nutrition 131 (2): 369S. ISSN 0022-3166. PMID 11160563. http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/131/2/369S. 
  12. ^ Heinonen, M; Piironen (1991). "The tocopherol, tocotrienol, and vitamin E content of the average Finnish diet". International journal for vitamin and nutrition research 61 (1): 27–32. ISSN 0300-9831. PMID 1856041. 
  13. ^ Effects of a palm-oil-vitamin E concentrate on the serum and lipoprotein lipids in humans. Tan DTS, Khor HT, Low WHS, Ali A, Gapor A, Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 53: 1027S-1020S.
  14. ^ Palm oil antioxidant effects in patients with hyperlipidemia and carotid stenosis – 2-year experience. Kooyenga DK, Geller M, Watkins TR, Gapor A, Diakoumakis E, Bierenbaum ML, Asia Pacific J Clin Nutr 1997; 6(1): 72-75.
  15. ^ Separating Tocotrienols from Palm Oil by Molecular Distillation Donghong Liu; John Shi; Luidy Rodrguez Posada; Yukio Kakuda; Sophia Jun Xue, Food Reviews International, Volume 24, Issue 4 October 2008 , pages 376 - 391, DOI: 10.1080/87559120802303840
  16. ^ Sen, CK; Khanna; Roy (Mar 2006). "Tocotrienols: Vitamin E beyond tocopherols". Life sciences 78 (18): 2088–98. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2005.12.001. ISSN 0024-3205. PMID 16458936. 
  17. ^ Nesaretnam, K (Oct 2008). "Multitargeted therapy of cancer by tocotrienols". Cancer letters 269 (2): 388–95. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2008.03.063. ISSN 0304-3835. PMID 18504069. 
  18. ^ a b Parker, Rex A.; Pearce, Bradley C.; Clark, Ronald W.; Gordon, David A.; Wright, J. J. Kim (May 1993). "Tocotrienols regulate cholesterol production in mammalian cells by post-transcriptional suppression of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase" (Free full text). The Journal of biological chemistry 268 (15): 11230–8. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 8388388. http://www.jbc.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=8388388. 
  19. ^ Das, S; Lekli; Das; Szabo; Varadi; Juhasz; Bak; Nesaretam et al. (Feb 2008). "Cardioprotection with palm oil tocotrienols: comparision of different isomers" (Free full text). American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology 294 (2): H970–8. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.01200.2007. ISSN 0363-6135. PMID 18083895. http://ajpheart.physiology.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=18083895. 
  20. ^ Serbinova, E; Kagan; Han; Packer (1991). "Free radical recycling and intramembrane mobility in the antioxidant properties of alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocotrienol" (Free full text). Free radical biology & medicine 10 (5): 263–75. doi:10.1016/0891-5849(91)90033-Y. ISSN 0891-5849. PMID 1649783. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/antioxidants.html. 
  21. ^ Constantinou, C; Papas; Constantinou (Aug 2008). "Vitamin E and cancer: An insight into the anticancer activities of vitamin E isomers and analogs". International journal of cancer. Journal international du cancer 123 (4): 739–52. doi:10.1002/ijc.23689. ISSN 0020-7136. PMID 18512238. 
  22. ^ a b Wada, S (2009). "Chemoprevention of tocotrienols: the mechanism of antiproliferative effects". Forum of nutrition 61: 204–16. doi:10.1159/000212752. ISSN 1660-0347. PMID 19367124. 
  23. ^ Suzuki, YJ; Tsuchiya; Wassall; Choo; Govil; Kagan; Packer (Oct 1993). "Structural and dynamic membrane properties of alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocotrienol: implication to the molecular mechanism of their antioxidant potency". Biochemistry 32 (40): 10692–9. doi:10.1021/bi00091a020. ISSN 0006-2960. PMID 8399214. 
  24. ^ Rona, C; Vailati; Berardesca (Jan 2004). "The cosmetic treatment of wrinkles". Journal of cosmetic dermatology 3 (1): 26–34. doi:10.1111/j.1473-2130.2004.00054.x. ISSN 1473-2130. PMID 17163944. 
  25. ^ Traber, MG; Rallis; Podda; Weber; Maibach; Packer (Jan 1998). "Penetration and distribution of alpha-tocopherol, alpha- or gamma-tocotrienols applied individually onto murine skin". Lipids 33 (1): 87–91. doi:10.1007/s11745-998-0183-0. ISSN 0024-4201. PMID 9470177. 
  26. ^ Weber, C; Podda; Rallis; Thiele; Traber; Packer (1997). "Efficacy of topically applied tocopherols and tocotrienols in protection of murine skin from oxidative damage induced by UV-irradiation". Free radical biology & medicine 22 (5): 761–9. doi:10.1016/S0891-5849(96)00346-2. ISSN 0891-5849. PMID 9119243. 
  27. ^ Yoshida, Y; Niki; Noguchi (Mar 2003). "Comparative study on the action of tocopherols and tocotrienols as antioxidant: chemical and physical effects". Chemistry and physics of lipids 123 (1): 63–75. doi:10.1016/S0009-3084(02)00164-0. ISSN 0009-3084. PMID 12637165. 
  28. ^ Schaffer, S; Müller; Eckert (01 Feb 2005). "Tocotrienols: constitutional effects in aging and disease" (Free full text). The Journal of nutrition 135 (2): 151–4. ISSN 0022-3166. PMID 15671205. http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15671205. 
  29. ^ Pruthi, S; Allison; Hensrud (Nov 2001). "Vitamin E supplementation in the prevention of coronary heart disease". Mayo Clinic proceedings. Mayo Clinic 76 (11): 1131–6. doi:10.4065/76.11.1131. ISSN 0025-6196. PMID 11702901. 
  30. ^ Inokuchi, H; Hirokane; Tsuzuki; Nakagawa; Igarashi; Miyazawa (Jul 2003). "Anti-angiogenic activity of tocotrienol" (Free full text). Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry 67 (7): 1623–7. doi:10.1271/bbb.67.1623. ISSN 0916-8451. PMID 12913317. http://joi.jlc.jst.go.jp/JST.JSTAGE/bbb/67.1623?lang=en&from=PubMed. 
  31. ^ Theriault, A; Chao; Wang; Gapor; Adeli (Jul 1999). "Tocotrienol: a review of its therapeutic potential". Clinical biochemistry 32 (5): 309–19. doi:10.1016/S0009-9120(99)00027-2. ISSN 0009-9120. PMID 10480444. 
  32. ^ Pearce, BC; Parker; Deason; Qureshi; Wright (Oct 1992). "Hypocholesterolemic activity of synthetic and natural tocotrienols". Journal of medicinal chemistry 35 (20): 3595–606. doi:10.1021/jm00098a002. ISSN 0022-2623. PMID 1433170. 
  33. ^ Khanna, S; Roy; Slivka; Craft; Chaki; Rink; Notestine; Devries et al. (Oct 2005). "Neuroprotective properties of the natural vitamin E alpha-tocotrienol" (Free full text). Stroke; a journal of cerebral circulation 36 (10): 2258–64. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000181082.70763.22. ISSN 0039-2499. PMID 16166580. http://stroke.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16166580. 
  34. ^ Sen, CK; Khanna; Roy; Packer (Apr 2000). "Molecular basis of vitamin E action. Tocotrienol potently inhibits glutamate-induced pp60(c-Src) kinase activation and death of HT4 neuronal cells" (Free full text). The Journal of biological chemistry 275 (17): 13049–55. doi:10.1074/jbc.275.17.13049. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 10777609. http://www.jbc.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10777609. 
  35. ^ Khosla, P; Patel, V; Whinter, JM; Khanna, S; Rakhkovskaya, M; Roy, S; Sen, CK (May 2006). "Postprandial levels of the natural vitamin E tocotrienol in human circulation". Antioxidants & redox signaling 8 (5-6): 1059–68. doi:10.1089/ars.2006.8.1059. ISSN 1523-0864. PMID 16771695. 
  36. ^ Early detection of pancreatic cancer: why, who, and how to screen. Klapman J, Malafa MP., Cancer Control. 2008 Oct;15(4):280-7
  37. ^ Malafa, MP (Oct 2008). "New insights and gains in pancreatic cancer" (Free full text). Cancer control : journal of the Moffitt Cancer Center 15 (4): 276–7. ISSN 1073-2748. PMID 18813194. http://www.moffitt.org/CCJRoot/v15n4/pdf/276.pdf. 
  38. ^ Kamat, JP; Devasagayam (Aug 1995). "Tocotrienols from palm oil as potent inhibitors of lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation in rat brain mitochondria". Neuroscience letters 195 (3): 179–82. doi:10.1016/0304-3940(95)11812-B. ISSN 0304-3940. PMID 8584204. 
  39. ^ Kamat, JP; Sarma; Devasagayam; Nesaretnam; Basiron (May 1997). "Tocotrienols from palm oil as effective inhibitors of protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes". Molecular and cellular biochemistry 170 (1-2): 131–7. doi:10.1023/A:1006853419214. ISSN 0300-8177. PMID 9144327. 
  40. ^ Weng-Yew, W; Selvaduray; Ming; Nesaretnam (2009). "Suppression of tumor growth by palm tocotrienols via the attenuation of angiogenesis". Nutrition and cancer 61 (3): 367–73. doi:10.1080/01635580802582736. ISSN 0163-5581. PMID 19373610. 
  41. ^ Chin, SF; Hamid; Latiff; Zakaria; Mazlan; Yusof; Karim; Ibahim et al. (Jan 2008). "Reduction of DNA damage in older healthy adults by Tri E Tocotrienol supplementation". Nutrition 24 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2007.08.006. ISSN 0899-9007. PMID 17884341. 
  42. ^ Rahmat, A; Ngah; Shamaan; Gapor; Abdul Kadir (May 1993). "Long-term administration of tocotrienols and tumor-marker enzyme activities during hepatocarcinogenesis in rats". Nutrition 9 (3): 229–32. doi:10.1146/annurev.nu.09.070189.001305. ISSN 0899-9007. PMID 8102564. 
  43. ^ Hussein, D; Mo (May 2009). "d-Dlta-tocotrienol-mediated suppression of the proliferation of human PANC-1, MIA PaCa-2, and BxPC-3 pancreatic carcinoma cells". Pancreas 38 (4): e124–36. doi:10.1097/MPA.0b013e3181a20f9c. ISSN 0885-3177. PMID 19346993. 
  44. ^ http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00985777
  45. ^ Nesaretnam, K; Guthrie; Chambers; Carroll (Dec 1995). "Effect of tocotrienols on the growth of a human breast cancer cell line in culture". Lipids 30 (12): 1139–43. doi:10.1007/BF02536615. ISSN 0024-4201. PMID 8614304. 
  46. ^ Nesaretnam, K; Stephen; Dils; Darbre (May 1998). "Tocotrienols inhibit the growth of human breast cancer cells irrespective of estrogen receptor status". Lipids 33 (5): 461–9. doi:10.1007/s11745-998-0229-3. ISSN 0024-4201. PMID 9625593. 
  47. ^ Inhibition of proliferation of estrogen receptor-negative MDA-MB-435 and -positive MCF-7 human breast cancer cells by palm oil tocotrienols and tamoxifen, alone and in combination. Guthrie N, Gapor A, Chambers AF, Carroll KK, J Nutr. 1997 Mar;127(3):544S-548S
  48. ^ Yu, W; Simmons-Menchaca; Gapor; Sanders; Kline (1999). "Induction of apoptosis in human breast cancer cells by tocopherols and tocotrienols". Nutrition and cancer 33 (1): 26–32. doi:10.1080/01635589909514744. ISSN 0163-5581. PMID 10227040. 
  49. ^ Sylvester, Paul W.; Shah, Sumit (2002). "Antioxidants in Dietary Oils: Their Potential Role in Breast Cancer Prevention". Malaysian Journal of Nutrition 8 (1): 1–11. ISSN 1394-035X. http://myais.fsktm.um.edu.my/2687/. 
  50. ^ Nesaretnam, K; Ambra; Selvaduray; Radhakrishnan; Canali; Virgili (Dec 2004). "Tocotrienol-rich fraction from palm oil and gene expression in human breast cancer cells". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1031: 143–57. doi:10.1196/annals.1331.014. ISSN 0077-8923. PMID 15753141. 
  51. ^ Wali, VB; Bachawal, SV; Sylvester, PW (Jun 2009). "Combined treatment of gamma-tocotrienol with statins induce mammary tumor cell cycle arrest in G1". Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.) 234 (6): 639–50. doi:10.3181/0810-RM-300. ISSN 1535-3702. PMID 19359655. 
  52. ^ Conte, C; Floridi; Aisa; Piroddi; Floridi; Galli (Dec 2004). "Gamma-tocotrienol metabolism and antiproliferative effect in prostate cancer cells". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1031: 391–4. doi:10.1196/annals.1331.054. ISSN 0077-8923. PMID 15753178. 
  53. ^ Yap, WN; Chang; Han; Lee; Ling; Wong; Yap (Dec 2008). "Gamma-tocotrienol suppresses prostate cancer cell proliferation and invasion through multiple-signalling pathways". British journal of cancer 99 (11): 1832–41. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6604763. ISSN 0007-0920. PMID 19002171. 
  54. ^ Chang, PN; Yap, WN; Lee, DT; Ling, MT; Wong, YC; Yap, YL (2009). "Evidence of gamma-tocotrienol as an apoptosis-inducing, invasion-suppressing, and chemotherapy drug-sensitizing agent in human melanoma cells". Nutrition and cancer 61 (3): 357–66. doi:10.1080/01635580802567166. ISSN 0163-5581. PMID 19373609. 
  55. ^ Tomeo, AC; Geller; Watkins; Gapor; Bierenbaum (Dec 1995). "Antioxidant effects of tocotrienols in patients with hyperlipidemia and carotid stenosis". Lipids 30 (12): 1179–83. doi:10.1007/BF02536621. ISSN 0024-4201. PMID 8614310. 
  56. ^ Song, BL; Debose-Boyd (Sep 2006). "Insig-dependent ubiquitination and degradation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase stimulated by delta- and gamma-tocotrienols" (Free full text). The Journal of biological chemistry 281 (35): 25054–61. doi:10.1074/jbc.M605575200. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 16831864. http://www.jbc.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16831864. 
  57. ^ Qureshi, Asaf A; Pearce, Bradley C; Nor, Rosnah M; Gapor, A; Peterson, David M; Elson, Charles E (01 Feb 1996). "Dietary α-Tocopherol Attenuates the Impact of γ-Tocotrienol on Hepatic 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase Activity in Chickens". Journal of Nutrition 126 (2): 389. ISSN 0022-3166. PMID 8632210. http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/abstract/126/2/389. 
  58. ^ Ikeda, Saiko; Tohyama, Tomoko; Yoshimura, Hiroyuki; Hamamura, Kimio; Abe, Kouichi; Yamashita, Kanae (01 Feb 2003). "Dietary α-Tocopherol Decreases α-Tocotrienol but Not γ-Tocotrienol Concentration in Rats". Journal of Nutrition 133 (2): 428. ISSN 0022-3166. PMID 12566479. http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/abstract/133/2/428. 
  59. ^ Wild, S; Roglic; Green; Sicree; King (May 2004). "Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030" (Free full text). Diabetes care 27 (5): 1047–53. doi:10.2337/diacare.27.5.1047. ISSN 0149-5992. PMID 15111519. http://care.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15111519. 
  60. ^ Klein, R (Feb 1995). "Hyperglycemia and microvascular and macrovascular disease in diabetes". Diabetes care 18 (2): 258–68. doi:10.2337/diacare.18.2.258. ISSN 0149-5992. PMID 7729308. 
  61. ^ Gu, K; Cowie; Harris (Jul 1998). "Mortality in adults with and without diabetes in a national cohort of the U.S. population, 1971-1993". Diabetes care 21 (7): 1138–45. doi:10.2337/diacare.21.7.1138. ISSN 0149-5992. PMID 9653609. 
  62. ^ Montonen, J; Knekt; Järvinen; Reunanen (Feb 2004). "Dietary antioxidant intake and risk of type 2 diabetes" (Free full text). Diabetes care 27 (2): 362–6. doi:10.2337/diacare.27.2.362. ISSN 0149-5992. PMID 14747214. http://care.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=14747214. 
  63. ^ Kuhad, A; Bishnoi; Tiwari; Chopra (Apr 2009). "Suppression of NF-kappabeta signaling pathway by tocotrienol can prevent diabetes associated cognitive deficits". Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior 92 (2): 251–9. doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2008.12.012. ISSN 0091-3057. PMID 19138703. 
  64. ^ Budin, SB; Othman; Louis; Bakar; Das; Mohamed (Jun 2009). "The effects of palm oil tocotrienol-rich fraction supplementation on biochemical parameters, oxidative stress and the vascular wall of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats" (Free full text). Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil) 64 (3): 235–44. doi:10.1590/S1807-59322009000300015. ISSN 1807-5932. PMID 19330251. PMC 2666447. http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1807-59322009000300015&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en. 

[edit] External links

v • d • e
Vitamins (A11)
Fat soluble
Tocopherol (Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta) · Tocotrienol · Tocofersolan
Water soluble
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocotrienol"



Product Results (view all...)

search wiki for    ?
web dir firms image gallery news pdf wiki shop video 



↑ top of page ↑about thumbshots