This is a timeline of historically important programming languages. Legend - ( Entry ) means a non-universal programming language
- * means a unique language (no direct predecessor)
[edit] Pre-1950 | Year | Name | Chief developer, Company | Predecessor(s) | | 1950 | Short Code | William F Schmidt, A.B. Tonik[1], J.R. Logan | Brief Code | | 1950 | Birkbeck Assembler | Kathleen Booth | ARC | | 1951 | Superplan | Heinz Rutishauser | Plankalkül | | 1951 | ALGAE | Edward A Voorhees and Karl Balke | * | | 1951 | Intermediate Programming Language | Arthur Burks | Short Code | | 1951 | Regional Assembly Language | Maurice Wilkes | EDSAC | | 1951 | Boehm unnamed coding system | Corrado Böhm | Aiken CPC system | | 1951 | Klammerausdrücke | Konrad Zuse | Plankalkül | | 1951 | OMNIBAC Symbolic Assembler | Charles Katz | Short Code | | 1951 | Stanislaus (Notation) | Fritz Bauer | * | | 1951 | Whirlwind assembler | Charles Adams and Jack Gilmore at MIT Project Whirlwind | EDSAC | | 1951 | Rochester assembler | Nat Rochester | EDSAC | | 1951 | Sort Merge Generator | Betty Holberton | * | | 1952 | A-0 | Grace Hopper | C-10 and Short Code | | 1952 | Autocode | Alick Glennie after Alan Turing | Aiken CPC | | 1952 | Editing Generator | Milly Koss | SORT/MERGE | | 1952 | COMPOOL | RAND/SDC | * | | 1953 | Speedcoding | John W. Backus | * | | 1953 | READ/PRINT | Don Harroff, James Fishman, George Ryckman | * | | 1954 | Laning and Zierler system | Laning, Zierler, Adams at MIT Project Whirlwind | * | | 1954 | Mark I Autocode | Tony Brooker | Glennie Autocode | | 1954-1955 | FORTRAN "0" (concept) | Team led by John W. Backus at IBM | Speedcoding | | 1954 | ARITH-MATIC | Team led by Grace Hopper at UNIVAC | A-0 | | 1954 | MATH-MATIC | Team led by Charles Katz | A-0 | | 1954 | MATRIX MATH | H G Kahrimanian | * | | 1954 | IPL I (concept) | Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, Herbert Simon | * | | 1955 | FLOW-MATIC | Team led by Grace Hopper at UNIVAC | A-0 | | 1955 | BACAIC | M. Grems and R. Porter | | | 1955 | PACT I | SHARE | FORTRAN, A-2 | | 1955-6 | Sequentielle Formelübersetzung | Fritz Bauer and Karl Samelson | Boehm | | 1955-6 | IT | Team led by Alan Perlis | Laning and Zerler | | 1955 | PRINT | IBM | | | 1958 | IPL II (implementation) | Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, Herbert Simon | IPL I | | 1956-1958 | LISP (concept) | John McCarthy | IPL | | 1957 | COMTRAN | Bob Bemer | FLOW-MATIC | | 1957 | FORTRAN "I" (implementation) | John W. Backus at IBM | FORTRAN 0 | | 1957-1958 | UNICODE | Remington Rand UNIVAC | MATH-MATIC | | 1957 | COMIT (concept) | | * | | 1958 | FORTRAN II | Team led by John W. Backus at IBM | FORTRAN I | | 1958 | ALGOL 58 (IAL) | ACM/GAMM | FORTRAN, IT and Sequentielle Formelübersetzung | | 1958 | IPL V | Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, Herbert Simon | IPL II | | 1959 | FACT | Fletcher R. Jones, Roy Nutt, Robert L. Patrick | * | | 1959 | COBOL (concept) | The CODASYL Committee | FLOW-MATIC, COMTRAN, FACT | | 1959 | JOVIAL | Jules Schwartz at SDC | ALGOL 58 | | 1959 | LISP (implementation) | John McCarthy | IPL | | 1959 | TRAC (concept) | Mooers | | | Year | Name | Chief developer, Company | Predecessor(s) | | Year | Name | Chief developer, Company | Predecessor(s) | | 1960 | ALGOL 60 | | ALGOL 58 | | 1960 | COBOL 61 (implementation) | The CODASYL Committee | FLOW-MATIC, COMTRAN | | 1961 | COMIT (implementation) | | * | | 1962 | FORTRAN IV | | FORTRAN II | | 1962 | APL (concept) | Iverson | * | | 1962 | MAD | Arden, et al. | ALGOL 58 | | 1962 | SIMULA (concept) | | ALGOL 60 | | 1962 | SNOBOL | Griswold, et al. | FORTRAN II, COMIT | | 1963 | CPL | Barron, Strachey, et al. | ALGOL 60 | | 1963 | SNOBOL3 | Griswold, et al. | SNOBOL | | 1963 | ALGOL 68 (concept) | van Wijngaarden, et al. | ALGOL 60 | | 1963 | JOSS I | Cliff Shaw, RAND | ALGOL 58 | | 1964 | MIMIC | H. E. Petersen, et al. | MIDAS | | 1964 | COWSEL | Burstall, Popplestone | CPL, LISP | | 1964 | PL/I (concept) | IBM | ALGOL 60, COBOL, FORTRAN | | 1964 | BASIC | Kemeny and Kurtz | FORTRAN II, JOSS | | 1964 | IBM RPG | IBM | FARGO | | 1964 | Mark-IV | Informatics | | | 1964 | Speakeasy-2 | Stanley Cohen at Argonne National Laboratory | Speakeasy | | 1964 | TRAC (implementation) | Mooers | | | 1964? | IITRAN | | | | 1965 | TELCOMP | BBN | JOSS | | 1966 | JOSS II | Chuck Baker, RAND | JOSS I | | 1966 | ALGOL W | Niklaus Wirth, C. A. R. Hoare | ALGOL 60 | | 1966 | FORTRAN 66 | | FORTRAN IV | | 1966 | ISWIM (Concept) | Landin | LISP | | 1966 | CORAL66 | | ALGOL 60 | | 1967 | BCPL | Richards | CPL | | 1967 | MUMPS | Massachusetts General Hospital | FORTRAN, TELCOMP | | 1967 | APL (implementation) | Iverson | * | | 1967 | SIMULA 67 (implementation) | Dahl, Myhrhaug, Nygaard at Norsk Regnesentral | ALGOL 60 | | 1967 | InterLisp | D.G. Bobrow and D.L. Murphy | Lisp | | 1967 | SNOBOL4 | Griswold, et al. | SNOBOL3 | | 1967 | XPL | W. M. McKeeman, et al. at University of California Santa Cruz, California
J. J. Horning, et al. at Stanford University | PL/I | | 1968 | ALGOL 68 (UNESCO/IFIP standard) | A. van Wijngaarden, B.J. Mailloux, J.E.L. Peck and Cornelis H. A. Koster, et al. | ALGOL 60 | | 1968 | POP-1 | Burstall, Popplestone | COWSEL | | 1968 | DIBOL-8 | DEC | DIBOL | | 1968 | FORTH (concept) | Moore | | | 1968 | LOGO | Papert | LISP | | 1968 | MAPPER | Unisys | CRT RPS | | 1968 | REFAL (implementation) | Valentin Turchin | * | | 1969 | PL/I (implementation) | IBM | ALGOL 60, COBOL, FORTRAN | | 1969 | B | Ken Thompson, with contributions from Dennis Ritchie | BCPL | | 1969 | PPL | Thomas A. Standish at Harvard University | | | 1969 | SETL | Jack Schwartz at Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences | | | 1969 | TUTOR | University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign | | | Year | Name | Chief developer, Company | Predecessor(s) | | Year | Name | Chief developer, Company | Predecessor(s) | | 1970? | FORTH (implementation) | Moore | | | 1970 | POP-2 | | POP-1 | | 1970 | Pascal | Wirth, Jensen | ALGOL 60, ALGOL W | | 1971 | Sue | Holt et al. at University of Toronto | Pascal, XPL | | 1972 | Smalltalk | Xerox PARC | SIMULA 67 | | 1972 | PL/M | Kildall at Digital Research | PL/I, ALGOL, XPL | | 1972 | C | Dennis Ritchie | B, BCPL, ALGOL 68 | | 1972 | INTERCAL | Don Woods and James M. Lyon | * | | 1972 | Prolog | Colmerauer | 2-level W-Grammar | | 1973 | COMAL | Christensen, Løfstedt | Pascal, BASIC | | 1973 | ML | Robin Milner | | | 1973 | LIS | Ichbiah et al. at CII Honeywell Bull | Pascal, Sue | | 1973 | Speakeasy-3 | Stanley Cohen, Steven Pieper at Argonne National Laboratory | Speakeasy-2 | | 1974 | GRASS | DeFanti | BASIC | | 1974 | BASIC FOUR | MAI BASIC Four Inc. | Business BASIC | | 1975 | ABC | Leo Geurts and Lambert Meertens | SETL | | 1975 | Scheme | Sussman, Steele | LISP | | 1975 | Altair BASIC | Gates, Allen | BASIC | | 1975 | CS-4 | Miller, Brosgol et al. at Intermetrics | ALGOL 68, BLISS, ECL, HAL | | 1975 | Modula | Wirth | Pascal | | 1976 | Smalltalk-76 | Xerox PARC | Smalltalk-72 | | 1976 | Ratfor | Kernighan | C, FORTRAN | | 1976 | S | John Chambers at Bell Labs | APL, PPL, Scheme | | 1977 | FP | John Backus | * | | 1977 | Bourne Shell (sh) | Bourne | * | | 1977 | IDL | David Stern of Research Systems Inc | Fortran | | 1977 | Standard MUMPS | | MUMPS | | 1977 | Icon (concept) | Griswold | SNOBOL | | 1977 | Green | Ichbiah et al. at CII Honeywell Bull for US Dept of Defense | ALGOL 68, LIS | | 1977 | Red | Brosgol et al. at Intermetrics for US Dept of Defense | ALGOL 68, CS-4 | | 1977 | Blue | Goodenough et al. at SofTech for US Dept of Defense | ALGOL 68, | | 1977 | Yellow | Spitzen et al. at SRI International for US Dept of Defense | ALGOL 68, | | 1978? | MATLAB | Moler at the University of New Mexico | * | | 1978? | SMALL | Brownlee at the University of Auckland | Algol60 | | 1978 | SQL aka structured query language | IBM | Ingres | | 1978 | VisiCalc | Bricklin, Frankston marketed by VisiCorp | * | | 1979 | Modula-2 | Wirth | Modula | | 1979 | REXX | Cowlishaw | PL/I, BASIC, EXEC 2 | | 1979 | AWK | Aho, Weinberger, Kernighan | C, SNOBOL | | 1979 | Icon (implementation) | Griswold | SNOBOL | | 1979 | Vulcan dBase-II | Ratliff | * | | Year | Name | Chief developer, Company | Predecessor(s) | | Year | Name | Chief developer, Company | Predecessor(s) | | 1980 | C with classes | Stroustrup | C, SIMULA 67 | | 1980-1981 | CBASIC | Gordon Eubanks | BASIC, Compiler Systems, Digital Research | | 1982? | Speakeasy-IV | Stanley Cohen, et al. at Speakeasy Computing Corporation | Speakeasy-3 | | 1982 | Objective-C | Brad Cox | Smalltalk, C | | 1983 | GW-BASIC | Microsoft | IBM BASICA | | 1983 | Ada | CII Honeywell Bull | Green | | 1983 | C++ | Stroustrup | C with Classes | | 1983 | True BASIC | Kemeny, Kurtz at Dartmouth College | BASIC | | 1983 | occam | David May | EPL | | 1983? | ABAP | SAP AG | COBOL | | 1984? | Korn Shell (ksh) | David Korn | sh | | 1984 | RPL | Hewlett-Packard | Forth, Lisp | | 1984 | Standard ML | | ML | | 1984 | CLIPPER | Nantucket | dBase | | 1984 | Common Lisp | Guy L. Steele, Jr. and many others | LISP | | 1984 | Redcode | Alexander Dewdney and D.G. Jones | | | 1985 | Object Pascal | Apple Computer | Pascal | | 1985 | PARADOX | Borland | dBase | | 1985 | PostScript | Warnock | InterPress | | 1985 | QuickBASIC | Microsoft | BASIC | | 1986 | GFA BASIC | Frank Ostrowski | BASIC | | 1986 | Miranda | David Turner at University of Kent | | | 1986 | LabVIEW | National Instruments | | | 1986 | Eiffel | Meyer | SIMULA 67 | | 1986 | Informix-4GL | Informix | | | 1986 | PROMAL | | C | | 1986 | CorVision | Cortex | INFORM | | 1987 | Self (concept) | Sun Microsystems Inc. | Smalltalk | | 1987 | occam 2 | David May and INMOS | occam | | 1987 | HyperTalk | Apple | * | | 1987 | Perl | Wall | C, sed, awk, sh | | 1987 | Oberon | Wirth | Modula-2 | | 1987 | Erlang | Joe Armstrong and others in Ericsson | Prolog | | 1987 | Mathematica | Wolfram Research | * | | 1987 | Turbo Basic | Robert 'Bob' Zale | BASIC/Z | | 1988 | Octave | | MATLAB | | 1988 | Tcl | Ousterhout | Awk, Lisp | | 1988 | STOS BASIC | François Lionet and Constantin Sotiropoulos | BASIC | | 1988 | Object REXX | Simon C. Nash | REXX | | 1988 | SPARK | Bernard A. Carré | Ada | | 1988 | A+ | Arthur Whitney | APL | | 1989 | Turbo Pascal OOP | Hejlsberg at Borland | Turbo Pascal, Object Pascal | | 1989 | Modula-3 | Cardeli, et al. DEC and Olivetti | Modula-2 | | 1989 | PowerBASIC | Robert 'Bob' Zale | Turbo Basic | | Year | Name | Chief developer, Company | Predecessor(s) | | Year | Name | Chief developer, Company | Predecessor(s) | | 1990 | AMOS BASIC | François Lionet and Constantin Sotiropoulos | STOS BASIC | | 1990 | Object Oberon | H Mössenböck, J Templ, R Griesemer | Oberon | | 1990 | J | Iverson, R. Hui at Iverson Software | APL, FP | | 1990 | Haskell | | Miranda | | 1990 | EuLisp | | Common Lisp, Scheme | | 1991 | Oberon-2 | Hanspeter Mössenböck, Wirth | Object Oberon | | 1991 | Python | Van Rossum | ABC, ALGOL 68[2], Icon, Modula-3 | | 1991 | Oz | Gert Smolka and his students | Prolog | | 1991 | Q | Albert Gräf | | | 1991 | Visual Basic | Alan Cooper, sold to Microsoft | QuickBASIC | | 1992 | Borland Pascal | | Turbo Pascal OOP | | 1992 | Dylan | many people at Apple Computer | Common Lisp, Scheme | | 1993? | Z Shell (zsh) | | ksh | | 1993? | Self (implementation) | Sun Microsystems Inc. | Smalltalk | | 1993 | Brainfuck | Urban Müller | * | | 1993 | FALSE | Wouter van Oortmerssen | Forth | | 1993 | Revolution Transcript | | HyperTalk | | 1993 | AppleScript | Apple | HyperTalk | | 1993 | K | Arthur Whitney | APL, Lisp | | 1993 | Ruby | Yukihiro Matsumoto | Smalltalk, Perl | | 1993 | Lua | Roberto Ierusalimschy et al. at Tecgraf, PUC-Rio | Lua | | 1993 | ZPL | Chamberlain et al. at University of Washington | C | | 1993 | NewtonScript | Walter Smith | Self, Dylan | | 1994 | ANSI Common Lisp | | Common Lisp | | 1994 | PHP | Rasmus Lerdorf | Perl | | 1994 | Pike | Fredrik Hübinette et al. at Linköping University | LPC, C, µLPC | | 1994 | ANS Forth | Elizabeth Rather, et al. | Forth | | 1995 | Borland Delphi | Anders Hejlsberg at Borland | Borland Pascal | | 1995 | ColdFusion (CFML) | Allaire | | | 1995 | Java | James Gosling at Sun Microsystems | C, SIMULA67 OR C++, Smalltalk, Ada 83, Objective-C | | 1995 | LiveScript | Brendan Eich at Netscape | Self, Java | | 1996 | Curl | David Kranz, Steve Ward, Chris Terman at MIT | Lisp, C++, Tcl/Tk, TeX, HTML | | 1996 | JavaScript | Brendan Eich at Netscape | LiveScript | | 1996 | Perl Data Language (PDL) | Karl Glazebrook, Jarle Brinchmann, Tuomas Lukka, and Christian Soeller | APL, Perl | | 1996 | R | Robert Gentleman and Ross Ihaka | S | | 1996 | NetRexx | Cowlishaw | REXX | | 1996 | Lasso | Blue World Communication | | | 1997 | Component Pascal | Oberon microsystems, Inc | Oberon-2 | | 1997 | E | Mark S. Miller | Joule, Original-E | | 1997 | Pico | Free University of Brussels | Scheme | | 1997 | Squeak Smalltalk | Alan Kay, et al. at Apple Computer | Smalltalk-80, Self | | 1997 | ECMAScript | ECMA TC39-TG1 | JavaScript | | 1997 | F-Script | Philippe Mougin | Smalltalk, APL, Objective-C | | 1997 | ISLISP | ISO Standard ISLISP | Common Lisp | | 1997 | Tea | Jorge Nunes | Java, Scheme, Tcl | | 1997 | REBOL | Carl Sassenrath, Rebol Technologies | Self, Forth, Lisp, Logo | | 1998 | Standard C++ | ANSI/ISO Standard C++ | C++, Standard C | | 1998 | Open Source Erlang | Ericsson | Erlang | | 1998 | Pikt | Robert Osterlund (then at University of Chicago) | AWK, Perl, Unix shell | | 1999 | XSLT (+ XPath) | W3C, James Clark | DSSSL | | 1999 | Game Maker Language (GML) | Mark Overmars | Game Maker | | Year | Name | Chief developer, Company | Predecessor(s) | | Year | Name | Chief developer, Company | Predecessor(s) | | 2000 | Join Java | G Stewart von Itzstein | Java | | 2000 | Joy | von Thun | FP, Forth | | 2000 | D | Walter Bright at Digital Mars | C, C++, C#, Java | | 2000 | XL | Christophe de Dinechin | Ada, C++, Lisp | | 2000 | C# | Anders Hejlsberg at Microsoft (ECMA) | C, C++, Java, Delphi, Modula-2 | | 2000 | Ferite | Chris Ross | C, C++, Java, PHP, Python, Ruby, Scheme | | 2001 | AspectJ | Xerox PARC | Java | | 2001 | Visual Basic .NET | Microsoft | Visual Basic | | 2002 | Io | Steve Dekorte | Self, NewtonScript | | 2003 | Nemerle | University of Wrocław | C#, ML, MetaHaskell | | 2003 | Factor | Slava Pestov | Joy, Forth, Lisp | | 2003 | Scala | Martin Odersky | Smalltalk, Java, Haskell, Standard ML, OCaml | | 2003 | Squirrel | Alberto Demichelis | Lua | | 2004 | Subtext | Jonathan Edwards | * | | 2004 | Boo | Rodrigo B. de Oliveira | Python, C# | | 2004 | Groovy | James Strachan | Java | | 2005 | F# | Don Syme at Microsoft Research | Objective Caml, C#, Haskell | | 2006 | Links | Philip Wadler, University of Edinburgh | Haskell | | 2006 | Kite | Mooneer Salem | * | | 2006 | Windows PowerShell | Microsoft | C#, ksh, Perl, CL, DCL, SQL | | 2007 | Fan | Brian Frank, Andy Frank | C#, Scala, Ruby, Erlang | | 2007 | Vala | GNOME | C# | | 2007 | Clojure | Rich Hickey | Lisp, ML, Haskell, Erlang | | 2007 | Oberon-07 | Wirth [1] | Oberon | | 2009 | Go | Google | C, Oberon, Limbo | | Year | Name | Chief developer, Company | Predecessor(s) | [edit] See also [edit] References [edit] External links |
