The following is a timeline of low-temperature technology and cryogenic technology (refrigeration down to –150 °C, –238 °F or 123 K and cryogenics).[1] - 1802 - John Dalton wrote "the reducibility of all elastic fluids of whatever kind, into liquids"
- 1802 - Gay-Lussac's law (Gas law, relating temperature and pressure).
- 1803 - Domestic ice box
- 1803 - Thomas Moore received a patent on refrigeration[6].
- 1805 - Oliver Evans designed the first closed circuit refrigeration machine based on the vapor-compression refrigeration cycle.
- 1809 - Jacob Perkins patented the first refrigerating machine
- 1810 - John Leslie freezes water to ice by using an airpump.
- 1811 - Avogadro's law a gas law
- 1823 - Michael Faraday liquified ammonia to cause cooling
- 1824 - Sadi Carnot- the Carnot Cycle
- 1834 - Ideal gas law
- 1834 - Jacob Perkins obtained the first patent for a vapor-compression refrigeration system.
- 1834 - Jean-Charles Peltier discovers the Peltier effect
- 1844 - Charles Piazzi Smyth proposes comfort cooling[7]
- c.1850 - Michael Faraday makes a hypothesis that freezing substances increases their dielectric constant.
- 1851 - John Gorrie patented his mechanical refrigeration machine in the US to make ice to cool the air[8][9]
- 1856 - James Harrison patented an ether liquid-vapour compression refrigeration system.
- 1857 - Carl Wilhelm Siemens, the Siemens cycle
- 1858 - Julius Plücker observed for the first time some pumping effect due to electrical discharge.
- 1859 - Ferdinand Carré - The first gas absorption refrigeration system using gaseous ammonia dissolved in water (referred to as "aqua ammonia")
- 1862 - Alexander Carnegie Kirk invents the Air cycle machine
- 1864 - Charles Tellier patented a refrigeration system using dimethyl ether
- 1869 - Charles Tellier installed a cold storage plant in France.
- 1872 - Carl von Linde built his first ammonia compression machine.
- 1876 - Carl von Linde patented equipment to liquefy air using the Joule Thomson expansion process and regenerative cooling[10]
- 1877 - Raoul Pictet and Louis Paul Cailletet, working separately, develop two methods to liquefy oxygen.
- 1879 - Bell-Coleman machine
- 1880 - carbonic acid compression machine
- 1882 - William Soltau Davidson fitted a compression refrigeration unit to the New Zealand vessel Dunedin
- 1883 - Z.F. Wroblewski condenses experimentally useful quantities of liquid oxygen
- 1885 - Zygmunt Florenty Wróblewski published hydrogen's critical temperature as 33 K; critical pressure, 13.3 atmospheres; and boiling point, 23 K.
- 1888 - Loftus Perkins develops the "Arktos" cold chamber for preserving food, using an early ammonia absortion system.
- 1892 - James Dewar invents the vacuum-insulated, silver-plated glass Dewar flask
- 1895 - Carl von Linde files for patent protection of the Hampson-Linde cycle for liquefaction of atmospheric air or other gases (approved in 1903).
- 1898 - James Dewar condenses liquid hydrogen by using regenerative cooling and his invention, the vacuum flask.
- 1900 - Nikola Tesla receives U.S. Patent 685,012, "Means for Increasing the Intensity of Electrical Oscillations". Tesla, also, receives U.S. Patent RE11,865, Method of Insulating Electric Conductors
- 1905 - Carl von Linde obtains pure oxygen and nitrogen.
- 1906 - Willis Carrier patents the basis for modern air conditioning.
- 1908 - Heike Kamerlingh Onnes liquefies helium.
- 1911 - Heike Kamerlingh Onnes discloses his research on metallic low-temperature phenomenon characterised by no electrical resistance, calling it superconductivity.
- 1915 - Wolfgang Gaede - the Diffusion pump
- 1920 - Edmund Copeland and Harry Edwards use iso-butane in small refrigerators.
- 1922 - Baltzar von Platen and Carl Munters invent the 3 fluids absorption chiller, exclusively driven by heat.
- 1924 - Fernand Holweck - the Holweckpump
- 1926 - Albert Einstein and Leó Szilárd invent the Einstein refrigerator.
- 1926 - Willem Hendrik Keesom solidifies helium.
- 1926 - General Electric Company introduced the first hermetic compressor refrigerator
- 1933 - William Giauque and others - Adiabatic demagnetization refrigeration
- 1937 - Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa, John F. Allen, and Don Misener discover superfluidity using helium-4 at 2.2 K
- 1937 - Frans Michel Penning invents a type of cold cathode vacuum gauge known as Penning gauge
- 1944 - Manne Siegbahn, the Siegbahn pump
- 1951 - Heinz London invents the principle of the dilution refrigerator
- 1955 - Roots vacuum pump
- 1955 - Willi Becker turbomolecular pump concept[11]
- 1957 - Lewis D. Hall, Robert L. Jepsen and John C. Helmer ion pump based on Penning discharge
- 1959 - Kleemenko cycle
- 1963 - W. Gifford and R. Longsworth invent the pulse tube cooler
- 1972 - David Lee, Robert Coleman Richardson and Douglas Osheroff discover superfluidity in helium-3 at 0.002 K.
- 1973 - Linear compressor
- 1978 - Laser cooling demonstrated in the groups of Wineland and Dehmelt.
- 1986 - Karl Alexander Müller and J. Georg Bednorz discover high-temperature superconductivity
- 1995 - Eric Cornell and Carl Wieman create the first Bose-Einstein condensate, using a dilute gas of Rubidium-87 cooled to 170 nK
- 2000 - Peter Toennies demonstrates superfluidity of hydrogen at 0.15 K
[edit] See also [edit] References - ^ Low-temperature technology
- ^ Pitman, Vicki (2004), Aromatherapy: A Practical Approach, Nelson Thornes, p. xi, ISBN 0748773460
- ^ Myers, Richard (2003), The Basics of Chemistry, Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 14, ISBN 0313316643
- ^ Marlene Ericksen (2000), Healing with Aromatherapy, p. 9, McGraw-Hill, ISBN 0658003828
- ^ William Cullen, Of the Cold Produced by Evaporating Fluids and of Some Other Means of Producing Cold, in Essays and Observations Physical and Literary Read Before a Society in Edinburgh and Published by Them, II, (Edinburgh 1756)
- ^ 1803 -Thomas Moore
- ^ 1844 - Charles Piazzi Smyth
- ^ 1851 John Gorrie
- ^ 1851 Patent 8080
- ^ Hydrogen through the Nineteenth Century
- ^ Vacuum Science & Technology Timeline
[edit] External links |
