[edit] 16th Century (1501-1600) (906 AH – 1009 AH) - 1501: Ismail I establishes the Safavid dynasty in Persia and the Twelve-Imam Shi'ism becomes the state religion.
- 1502: Final destruction of the Golden Horde by Menli I Giray of Crimea.
- 1507: The Portuguese under Alfonso d'Albuquerque establish strongholds in the Persian Gulf.
- 1508: End of the Turkoman's White Sheep dynasty and the annexation of their territories by the Safavids.
- 1511: D'Albuquerque conquers Malacca from the Muslims.
- 1514: The Ottoman Sultan Selim I ("the Grim") defeats the Safavids, Ismail I, Battle of Chaldiran.
- 1516: The Ottoman Sultan Selim I ("the Grim") defeats the Mamluks at the Battle of Merc-i Dabik with the MamlukSultan Kansu Gavri killed in this battle and conquers Syria at last by defeating the Mamluk at Khan Yunus Battle.
- 1517: The Ottoman army crosses the Sinai Dessert, defeats the new Mamluk Sultan Tomanbai at the Battle of Ridaniye and Battle of Cairo and conquers Egypt. The Sharif Of Mecca presented keys of the holy cities of Mecca and Medina to Selim I and was declared the hereditary ruler of the vassal state there. Al-Mutawakkil, the last Abbasid caliph at Cairo, formally surrenders the title of caliph to Selim I.
- 1520: In Ottoman Empire Selim I dies and the reign of Suleiman I, the Magnificent begins.
- 1521: In Ottoman Empire Suleiman I conquers Belgrade.
- 1522: In Ottoman Empire Suleiman I conquers the Island of Rhodes and the rule of piratical Knights Hospitallers is ended.
- 1526: In Ottoman Empire Suleiman I defeats the Hungarian army at the Battle of Mohacs and Louis of Hungary dies at this battle. Buda and Pest are taken by Ottomans and Hungary is declares a vassal state of Ottoman Empire. The Battle of Panipat in India, and the Moghul conquest; Babur makes his capital at Delhi and Agra.
- 1528: The Ottomans retake Buda in Hungary.
- 1529: Unsuccessful Ottoman siege of Vienna.
- 1534: In Ottoman Empire Suleiman I conducts a military campaign against Safavid Shah Tahsmab and conquers the castles of Van and Baghdad and the city of Tabriz.
- 1533: The corsair Ruler of Algeria Barbarossa Khayreddin brings his fleet to Istanbul and is appointed the Admiral of the Ottoman fleet and the governor of the vassal state of Algeria.
- 1538: The Ottoman Navy under the command of Barbarossa Khayreddin wins a naval victory against a combined Christian fleet at the Battle of Preveza.
- 1550: The architect Sinan builds the Suleiman Mosque in Istanbul. The rise of the Muslim kingdom of Aceh in Sumatra. Islam spreads to Java, the Maluku Islands, and Borneo.
- 1565: Knights Hospitaller protect Malta from control by Ottoman forces.
- 1566: Ottoman naval forces gain control of Aegean Islands, such as Chios and many islands under Venetian rule until then are taken over by the Ottoman forces.
- 1566: The death of Suleiman I the Magnificent. Selim II becomes the Ottoman Sultan.
- 1568: Alpujarra uprising of the Moriscos (Muslims forcibly converted to Catholicism) in Spain.
- 1571: The Ottomans are defeated at the naval Battle of Lepanto, and their dominance in the Mediterranean is brought to a close.
- 1578: The Battle of Alcazarquivir at Alcazarquivir in Morocco. King Sebastian of Portugal is killed.
- 1588: Reign of Abbas I of Safavid begins.
- 1591: Mustaali Ismailis split into Sulaymanis and Daudis.
- 1600: Sind annexed by the Mughals. End of the Arghun rule in Sindh. By the end of this century, global Muslim population had grown to 10 per cent of the total.
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