The State
Author	Franz Oppenheimer
Original title	Der Staat
Country	German Empire
Subject(s)	The state
Genre(s)	Political sociology
Publisher	Unknown
Publication date	1908
Published in English	1922

The State (German: Der Staat) is a book by German sociologist Franz Oppenheimer first published in Germany in 1908. Oppenheimer wrote the book in Frankfurt am Main during 1907, as a fragment of the four-volume System of Sociology, an intended interpretative framework for the understanding of social evolution on which he laboured from the 1890s until the end of his life.^[1] The work summarizes Oppenheimer's general theory on the origin, development and future transformation of the State.^[1] The State, which Oppenheimer's missionary zeal pervades, was widely read and passionately discussed in the early 20th century. It was well received by—and influential on—as diverse an audience as Israeli halutzim, American and Slavic communitarians, West German Chancellor Ludwig Erhard, and.^[1]

A classical liberal and socialist sympathiser, Oppenheimer regarded capitalism as "a system of exploitation and capital revenues as the gain of that exploitation", but placed the blame not on the genuinely free market, but on the intervention of the state.^[1] Oppenheimer's view of the state is profoundly opposed to the then dominant characterisation propounded by G. W. F. Hegel of the state as an admirable achievement of modern civilisation.^[1] Proponents of this view tend to accept the social contract view that the State came about as every larger groups of people agreed to subordinate their private interests for the common good.

In contrast, Opphenheimer's theory was an advancement of the theory of conquest developed during the late 19th century by Ludwig Gumplowicz.^[2] According to the theory of conquest, the state comes into being through war and conquest, a consequence of which is the establishment of social classes; the dominant conquerors and the subordinate conquered. This, in turn, leads to the emergence of a political system to consolidate the power of the conquerors, to perpetuate and regulate class divisions.^[2] Oppenheimer's views led the American essayist, Albert Jay Nock, writing in the first half of the 20th century, to remark that, "Taking the State wherever found, striking into its history at any point, one sees no way to differentiate the activities of its founders, administrators and beneficiaries from those of a professional-criminal class."^[3]

[edit] Publication history

The State was first published in Germany in 1908. The 1922 English edition does not include the alterations Oppenheimer made to the 1929 German edition. In his introduction to the 1922 edition, Oppenheimer refers to authoritative editions of the work in English, French, Hungarian and Serbian, noting in addition the proliferation of pirated editions in Japanese, Hebrew, Russian and Yiddish.

• Oppenheimer, Franz (1972). The State; Its History and Development Viewed Sociologically. New York: Arno Press. ISBN 0405004338. 
• Oppenheimer, Franz (1975). The State. New York: Free Life Editions. ISBN 0914156047. 
• Oppenheimer, Franz (1997). The State. Fox & Wilkes. ISBN 0930073231.  (paperback)
• Oppenheimer, Franz (1997). The State. Fox & Wilkes. ISBN 0930073223.  (hardback)
• Oppenheimer, Franz (1999). The State: Its History and Development Viewed Sociologically. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 1560009659. 
• Oppenheimer, Franz (2007). The State. Montréal: Black Rose Books. ISBN 1551643006. 

[edit] Related topics

• Anarcho-capitalist literature
• Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology

[edit] Footnotes

[edit] External links

• The State, 1922 English version.