Takotsubo cardiomyopathy
Classification and external resources
Schematic representation of takotsubo cardiomyopathy (A) compared to the situation in a normal person (B).
ICD-9	429.83
DiseasesDB	33976
MeSH	054549

The Japanese octopus traps after which this disease is named.

Left ventriculogram during systole displaying the characteristic apical ballooning with apical motionlessness in a patient with takotsubo cardiomyopathy.

(A) Echocardiograph showing dilatation of the left ventricle in the acute phase. (B) Resolution of left ventricular function on repeat echocardiograph 6 days later.

ECG showing sinus tachycardia and non-specific ST and T wave changes from a patient with confirmed takotsubo cardiomyopathy.

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, also known as transient apical ballooning, apical ballooning cardiomyopathy,^[1] stress-induced cardiomyopathy, broken-heart-syndrome and simply stress cardiomyopathy, is a type of non-ischemic cardiomyopathy in which there is a sudden temporary weakening of the myocardium (the muscle of the heart). Because this weakening can be triggered by emotional stress, such as the death of a loved one, the condition is also known as broken heart syndrome.^[2] It has also been reported in cases of partial drowning.

The typical presentation of someone with takotsubo cardiomyopathy is a sudden onset of congestive heart failure or chest pain associated with EKG changes suggestive of an anterior wall myocardial infarction. During the course of evaluation of the patient, a bulging out of the left ventricular apex with a hypercontractile base of the left ventricle is often noted. It is the hallmark bulging out of the apex of the heart with preserved function of the base that earned the syndrome its name "tako tsubo", or octopus trap in Japan, where it was first described.^[3] The cause appears to involve high circulating levels of catecholamines (mainly adrenaline/epinephrine). Evaluation of individuals with takotsubo cardiomyopathy typically include a coronary angiogram, which will not reveal any significant blockages that would cause the left ventricular dysfunction. Provided that the individual survives their initial presentation, the left ventricular function improves within 2 months. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy is more commonly seen in post-menopausal women.^[4] Often there is a history of a recent severe emotional or physical stress.^[4]

[edit] Etiology

The etiology of takotsubo cardiomyopathy is not fully understood, but several mechanisms have been proposed.

1. Wraparound LAD: The left anterior descending artery (LAD) supplies the anterior wall of the left ventricle in the majority of patients. If this artery also wraps around the apex of the heart, it may be responsible for blood supply to the apex and the inferior wall of the heart. Some researchers have noted a correlation between takotsubo and this type of LAD.^[5] Other researchers have shown that this anatomical variant is not common enough to explain takotsubo cardiomyopathy.^[6] This theory would also not explain documented variants where the midventricular walls or base of the heart does not contract (akinesis).
2. Transient Vasospasm: Some of the original researchers of takotsubo suggested that multiple simultaneous spasms of coronary arteries could cause enough loss of blood flow to cause transient stunning of the myocardium.^[7] Other researchers have shown that vasospasm is much less common than initially thought.^[8][9][10] It has also been noted that when there are vasospasms, even in multiple arteries, that they do not correlate with the areas of myocardium that are not contracting ^[11].
3. Microvascular Dysfunction: The theory gaining the most traction is that there is dysfunction of the coronary arteries at the level where they are no longer visible by coronary angiography. This could include microvascular vasospasm, however it may well also have some similarities to the diseases such as diabetes mellitus. In such disease conditions the microvascular arteries fail to provide adequate oxygen to the myocardium.

It is likely that there are multiple factors at play which could include some amount of vasospasm, failure of the microvasculature, and an abnormal response to catecholamines (such as epinephrine and norepinephrine, released in response to stress).^[12]

Case series looking at large groups of patients report that some patients develop takotsubo cardiomyopathy after an emotional stress or, while others have a preceding clinical stressor (such as an asthma attack or sudden illness). Roughly one third of patients have no preceding stressful event.^[13]

[edit] Diagnosis

While the original case reports reported on individuals in Japan, takotsubo cardiomyopathy has been noted more recently in the United States and Western Europe. It is likely that the syndrome went previously undiagnosed before it was described in detail in the Japanese literature.

The diagnosis of takotsubo cardiomyopathy may be difficult upon presentation. The EKG findings are often confused with those found during an acute anterior wall myocardial infarction.^[4][14]

The diagnosis is made by the pathognomic wall motion abnormalities, in which the base of the left ventricle is contracting normally or are hyperkinetic while the remainder of the left ventricle is akinetic or dyskinetic. This is accompanied by the lack of significant coronary artery disease that would explain the wall motion abnormalities.

[edit] Histology

Focal myocytolysis is reported as an origin of this cardiomyopathy. No microbiological agent has been associated so far with takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Kloner et al. reported that a pathologic change in the myocardium was not demonstrated in the stunned myocardium. Infiltration of small mononuclear cells has been documented in some cases; these pathologic findings suggest that this cardiomyopathy is a kind of inflammatory heart disease, but not a coronary heart disease. There is also a report describing histologic myocardial damage without coronary heart disease.^[15]

[edit] Treatment

The treatment of takotsubo cardiomyopathy is generally supportive in nature. In individuals with hypotension, support with inotropic agents or an intra-aortic balloon pump have been used. In many individuals, left ventricular function normalizes within 2 months.^[16][17] Aspirin and other heart drugs also appear to help in the treatment of this disease, even in extreme cases.^[18]

[edit] Statistical analysis

The increased awareness of this syndrome led life insurers to analyse mortality rates in general. In a March 2008 study, Jaap Spreeuw and Xu Wang of the Cass Business School observed that in the year following a loved one’s death, women were more than twice as likely to die than normal, and men more than six times as likely.^[19]

The broken heart syndrome also led financial analyst David X. Li to develop the Gaussian copula models for the pricing of collateralized debt obligations where at times seemingly unrelated entities become subject to sympathetic financial defaults based on common (but at times not obvious) links.^[20]

[edit] In popular culture

In "Words and Deeds", a third-season episode of House, a patient is believed to have broken heart syndrome, and undergoes electroshock therapy in order to forget his love interest.^[21]

In an episode of E.R., The Heart of the Matter, a woman suffers a heart attack as a result of stress cardiomyopathy after learning of her husband's death.

Post-Rock band Maybeshewill have a song called "Takotsubo" on their album Not For Want Of Trying.

In Season 6 of Entourage, Johnny Chase, a.k.a. Drama, is diagnosed with Takotsubo cardiomyopathy after a meltdown during an audition for Melrose Place.

On English death certificates, doctors would write "broken heart" as the cause of death if they died inexplicably following the death of a spouse.

[edit] Additional images

Left ventriculography during systole showing apical ballooning akinesis with basal hyperkinesis in a characteristic takotsubo ventricle.

[edit] References

1. ^ Bergman BR, Reynolds HR, Skolnick AH, Castillo D (August 2008). "A case of apical ballooning cardiomyopathy associated with duloxetine". Ann. Intern. Med. 149 (3): 218–9. PMID 18678857. 
2. ^ Mayo Clinic Research Reveals 'broken Heart Syndrome' Recurs In 1 Of 10 Patients
3. ^ Gianni, M; Dentali F, Grandi AM et al. (December 2006). "Apical ballooning syndrome or takotsubo cardiomyopathy: a systematic review". European Heart Journal (Oxford University Press) 27 (13): 1523–1529. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehl032. PMID 16720686. http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/27/13/1523. Retrieved 2008-04-23. 
4. ^ ^{a b c} Azzarelli S, Galassi AR, Amico F, Giacoppo M, Argentino V, Tomasello SD, Tamburino C, Fiscella A. (2006). "Clinical features of transient left ventricular apical ballooning". Am J Cardiol. 98 (9): 1273–6. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.05.065. PMID 17056345. 
5. ^ Ibáñez B, Navarro F, Farré J, et al. (2004). "[Tako-tsubo syndrome associated with a long course of the left anterior descending coronary artery along the apical diaphragmatic surface of the left ventricle.]" (in Spanish; Castilian). Revista española de cardiología 57 (3): 209–16. doi:10.1016/S1885-5857(06)60138-2. PMID 15056424. 
6. ^ Inoue, M; Shimizu M, Ino H et al. (2005). "Differentiation between patients with takotsubo cardiomyopathy and those with anterior acute myocardial infarction". Circ. J. 69 (1): 89–94. doi:10.1253/circj.69.89. PMID 15635210. 
7. ^ Kurisu S, Sato H, Kawagoe T et al. (2002). "Tako-tsubo-like left ventricular dysfunction with ST-segment elevation: a novel cardiac syndrome mimicking acute myocardial infarction". American Heart Journal 143 (3): 448–55. doi:10.1067/mhj.2002.120403. PMID 11868050. 
8. ^ Tsuchuhashi K et al. JACC 2001
9. ^ Kawai et al. JPJ 2000
10. ^ Desmet et al. Heart 2003
11. ^ Abe et al. JACC 2003
12. ^ Wittstein IS, Thiemann DR, Lima JA, et al. (February 2005). "Neurohumoral features of myocardial stunning due to sudden emotional stress". N. Engl. J. Med. 352 (6): 539–48. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa043046. PMID 15703419. 
13. ^ Elesber, AA (July 2007). "Four-Year Recurrence Rate and Prognosis of the Apical Ballooning Syndrome". J Amer Coll Card 50 (5): 448–52. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2007.03.050. 
14. ^ Bybee KA, Motiei A, Syed IS, Kara T, Prasad A, Lennon RJ, Murphy JG, Hammill SC, Rihal CS, Wright RS (2006). "Electrocardiography cannot reliably differentiate transient left ventricular apical ballooning syndrome from anterior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction". J Electrocardiol. PMID 17067626. 
15. ^ Dhar S, Koul D, Subramanian S, Bakhshi M (2007). "Transient apical ballooning: sheep in wolves' garb". Cardiol. Rev. 15 (3): 150–3. PMID 17438381. 
16. ^ Akashi YJ, Nakazawa K, Sakakibara M, Miyake F, Koike H, Sasaka K. (2003). "The clinical features of takotsubo cardiomyopathy". QJM 96 (8): 563–73. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcg096. PMID 12897341. 
17. ^ Nyui N, Yamanaka O, Nakayama R, Sawano M, Kawai S. (2000). "'Tako-Tsubo' transient ventricular dysfunction: a case report". Jpn Circ J 64 (9): 715–9. doi:10.1253/jcj.64.715. PMID 10981859. 
18. ^ Medics can 'mend a broken heart'
19. ^ [1]
20. ^ Financial Times
21. ^ Words and Deeds

[edit] External links

• Takotsubo website