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The term synthetic intelligence (SI) is used in two different ways.
[edit] As a synonym for artificial intelligenceAccording to this view, the term artificial intelligence is an oxymoron; implying that the intelligence is not intelligent. John Haugeland (1985) proposes an analogy with artificial and synthetic diamonds—only the synthetic diamond is truly a diamond. Synthetic means that which is produced by synthesis; combining parts to form a whole, colloquially, a man-made version of that which has arisen naturally (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/synthesis). As defined (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/intelligence), a Synthetic Intelligence would therefore be man-made, but not a simulation. The issue of "simulation vs. reality" is a part of the philosophy of artificial intelligence. Russell & Norvig (2003, p. 948) present this example:
Drew McDermott firmly believes that "thinking" should be construed like "flying". While discussing the electronic chess champion Deep Blue, he argues "Saying Deep Blue doesn't really think about chess is like saying an airplane doesn't really fly because it doesn't flap its wings." (McDermott 1997) Edsger Dijkstra agrees that some find "the question whether machines can think as relevant as the question whether submarines can swim." (Dijkstra 2006) John Searle, on the other hand, suggests that a thinking machine is, at best, a simulation, and writes "No one supposes that computer simulations of a five-alarm fire will burn the neighborhood down or that a computer simulation of a rainstorm will leave us all drenched." (Searle 1980, p. 12) The essential difference between a simulated mind and a real mind is one of the key points of his Chinese room argument. Daniel Dennett believes that this is basically a disagreement about semantics and that it is peripheral to the central questions of the philosophy of artificial intelligence. He notes that even a chemically perfect imitation of a Chateau Latour is still a fake, but that any Vodka is real, no matter who made it. (Dennett 1978, p. 197) Similarly, a perfect, molecule-by-molecule recreation of an original Picasso would be considered a "forgery", but any image of the Coca-Cola logo is completely real and subject to trademark laws. Russell & Norvig (2003, p. 954) comment "we can conclude that in some cases, the behavior of an artifact is important, while in others it is the artifact's pedigree that matters. Which one is important in which case seems to be a matter of convention. But for artificial minds, there is no convention." [edit] As a new sub-field of AIPopularized by Seattle's IT Laboratories, Inc. in 1994 and again by Net VR Corporation of Redmond, WA in 1995, "Synthetic Intelligence" was defined as a type of true intelligence created from software. John Verity published "Computer Letter" from Technologic Partners in 1996 and flooded the investment community and other technology enthusiasts with a new way of looking at intelligence.[citation needed] [edit] References
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