Suicide prevention is an umbrella term for the collective efforts of local citizen organizations, mental health practitioners and related professionals to reduce the incidence of suicide through pre-vention and proactive measures. One of the first exclusively professional research centers was established 1958 in Los Angeles. The first crisis hotline service in the U.S. run by selected, trained citizen volunteers was established 1961 in San Francisco.

Various suicide prevention strategies have been used:

• Selection and training of volunteer citizen groups offering confidential referral services.
• Promoting mental resilience through optimism and connectedness.
• Education about suicide, including risk factors, warning signs and the availability of help.
• Increasing the proficiency of health and welfare services at responding to people in need. This includes better training for health professionals and employing crisis counseling organizations.
• Reducing domestic violence and substance abuse are long-term strategies to reduce many mental health problems.
• Reducing access to convenient means of suicide (e.g. toxic substances, handguns).
• Reducing the quantity of dosages supplied in packages of non-prescription medicines e.g. aspirin.
• Interventions targeted at high-risk groups.
• Research. (see below)

[edit] Research

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[edit] Interventions

[edit] Group psychotherapy strategy

As a suicide prevention initiative, this sign promotes a special telephone available on the bridge that connects to a crisis hotline.

A psychosocial-psychoeducational group therapeutic intervention for recurrent suicide attempters is being developed which involves a combination of open discussion of the daily lived experience of individuals who have made repeated suicide attempts, and teaching new skills that can be used to "stay safe". The goal outcome of skill use, staying "safe", means avoiding making an attempt or engaging in behaviour that is harmful to the person. Participants in this program are taught skills which they can reasonably apply in their everyday lives, from "basic personal rights" to self-soothing, setting boundaries in interpersonal relationships, distraction tactics, problem-solving strategies, and the idea that distress felt in the moment, no matter how seemingly unendurable, is not permanent but an experience that will pass. The goal of the program is to provide a supportive environment in which skill use is discussed each week, and successful skill use is consistently met with praise from other participants and the facilitators.

[edit] Basic personal rights

Many individuals who make recurrent suicide attempts come from backgrounds that were abusive or otherwise detrimental. Often individuals with such backgrounds have been given the message that they have no rights. Teaching basic personal rights, such as "I have the right to say no to a request" and "I have the right to make choices that take care of ME." helps to promote a sense of self-efficacy among participants. This can help set the stage for teaching skills that require participants actively to choose to care for themselves. Though a flaw may arise, when they think that they have the right to choose the personal course of the life they want, including whether or not they should die; this approach is known as the right to die.

[edit] Self-soothing

Self-soothing, a skill that is taught in suicide prevention groups and also in Dialectical Behavior Therapy, involves using one of the five senses to provide some sort of stimulation that is calming to the individual. For example, many find a hot beverage such as tea or coffee to be comforting. Other self-soothing activities might include a warm or cool bath or shower, putting on favourite comfortable clothes, stroking a pet, burning incense, or listening to music. The goal of self-soothing is to lessen the person's current level of distress by providing stimulation that feels positive.

[edit] Interpersonal boundaries

Individuals who make recurrent suicide attempts often feel that they have very little control over their lives, or that their lives are controlled by other people rather than themselves. The goal of teaching boundary-setting skills is to make the participants aware that it is okay for them to have needs and wants and to go about getting these needs and wants met. Boundary-setting also encourages participants to be aware of when other people in their lives are asking for things the participant would rather not give/share, or acting in a way that makes the participant feel unsafe. Boundary-setting means choosing actively which things will be shared and which will not, when someone is welcome to visit and when not, and so on.

[edit] Distraction tactics

Another skill that this particular therapeutic intervention and DBT have in common is the use of distraction tactics. The goal of using a distraction is to survive the period of distress by doing things that take one's mind off it. Distraction tactics may range anything from a quiet task like reading a favorite book, to an active task like going for a run. Distraction does not act to lessen the emotional pain, but it can take the mind off it long enough for it to recede, which may prevent a suicide attempt that is made to escape seemingly unendurable pain.

[edit] Problem-solving strategies

Please help improve this article by expanding it. Further information might be found on the talk page. (July 2008)

[edit] Further reading

• Bergmans, Yvonne; Links, Paul S. (December 2002). "A description of a psychosocial/psychoeducational intervention for persons with recurrent suicide attempts". Crisis: the Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention 23: 156–160. doi:10.1027//0227-5910.23.4.156. 
• Suicide Prevention Action Network
• Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior; New York - Guilford Publications, Inc
• American Foundation for Suicide Prevention

[edit] External links

• National Suicide Prevention Lifeline is the national (US) suicide prevention hotline; free and 24/7.
• Stamp Out Suicide Promoting suicide awareness and supporting suicide prevention
• Samaritans is a national (UK & Ireland) support service for those experiencing despair, distress, or thoughts of suicide, 24/7
• [1] Feeling Blue Suicide Prevention Council is a community-based organization dedicated to preventing suicide, reducing the stigma associated with suicide, and supporting those people affected by depression or by the loss of a loved one to suicide.
• Suicide Prevention Help
• Suicide Prevention Resource Center (SPRC) Online Library
• Preventing Bipolar Suicides Provides statistics and patterns specific to bipolar suicide and discusses most effective medications, the acute risk factors, and suggested prevention measures.
• MORElife is a community helping suicide awareness and prevention.
• International Association for Suicide Prevention Organization co-sponsors World Suicide Prevention Day on September 10 every year with the World Health Organization (WHO).

[edit] Journals of suicide prevention research

• Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention
• U.S. Surgeon General - Suicide Prevention
• Second Wind Fund, a youth suicide prevention program