Accountancy
Key concepts
Accountant Bookkeeping Trial balance General ledger Debits and credits Cost of goods sold Double-entry system Standard practices Cash and accrual basis GAAP / IFRS
Financial statements
Balance sheet Income statement Cash flow statement Equity Retained earnings
Auditing
Financial audit GAAS Internal audit Sarbanes-Oxley Act Big Four auditors
Fields of accounting
Cost • Financial • Forensic Fund • Management • Tax
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Standard accounting practices require publicly-traded companies to follow certain accounting rules when presenting financial statements so that the readers of the statements can easily compare different companies. Private companies are also often required by banks and shareholders, for example, to present information according to their specified rules.

Usually, countries practicing civil law system write standards into law and countries with English common law systems have private organizations to set the rules.

[edit] Common accounting standards

Some commonly used accounting standards include:

• Generally accepted accounting principles (United States)
• Generally accepted accounting principles (United Kingdom)
• Grundsätze ordnungsmäßiger Buchführung (Germany)
• Chinese Accounting Standards (China)
• International Accounting Standards (international)

[edit] Rationale for uniform practices

The lack of transparent accounting standards in some nations has been cited as increasing the difficulty of doing business in them. In particular, the Asian financial meltdown in the late 1990s has been partially attributed due to the lack of detailed accounting standards. Giant firms in some Asian countries were able to take advantage of their poorly devised accounting standards to cover up immense debts and losses, which yielded a collective effect that eventually led the whole region into financial crisis.

[edit] Limitations

The accounting scandals of the early 21st century, which affected companies such as Worldcom and Enron, have shown the limitations of accounting standards in the United States.