Facial bones
Facial bones
The skull from the front.
Latin	ossa faciei, ossa facialia
Gray's	subject #37 156
Dorlands/Elsevier	Facial bones

The facial skeleton, splanchnocranium or viscerocranium consists of part of skull that is derived from branchial arches. The facial bones are the bones of the anterior and lower human skull.

Most sources include:^[1][2]

• Inferior nasal concha
• Lacrimal bone
• Mandible
• Maxilla
• Nasal bone
• Palatine bone
• Vomer
• Zygomatic bone

The hyoid is sometimes included, and sometimes excluded.

A nifty mnemonic device, which correctly contradicts the diagrams, is: "Virgil Can Not Make My Pet Zebra Laugh" Vomer, Conchae, Nasal, Maxilla, Mandible, Palatine, Zygomatic, Lacrimal

[edit] Embryonic Origins

The splanchnocranium is derived from the neural crest cells (also responsible for the development of the neurocranium, teeth and adrenal medulla). As with the neurocranium, in Chondricthyes and other cartilaginous vertebrates, they are not replaced via endochondral ossification. In tetrapods, such as amphibians and reptiles, the columella connecting to the tympanum is derived from the splanchnocranium. in mammals, the splanchnocranium derives the bones of the inner ear, the malleus, the incus and stapes.

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• ent/9 at eMedicine - "Facial Bone Anatomy"

v • d • e Bones of head and neck: compound structures of skull (TA A02.1.00.002-052, GA 2.178-199) Neurocranium Calvaria (Diploë) Asterion · Pterion · Stephanion · Bregma · Lambda Fossae: anterior cranial fossa · middle cranial fossa · posterior cranial fossa · cranial cavity Base of skull Fontanelles: anterior · posterior · sphenoidal · mastoid Facial skeleton Nasion · Gonion Both dacryon · zygomatic arch · temporal fossa · infratemporal fossa · pterygomaxillary fissure · pterygopalatine fossa Orbit: Foramina (inferior orbital fissure)

v • d • e Bones of head and neck: the facial skeleton of the skull (TA A02.1.08-15, GA 2.156-177) Maxilla Surfaces Anterior: fossae (Incisive fossa, Canine fossa) · Infraorbital foramen · Anterior nasal spine Infratemporal: Alveolar canals · Maxillary tuberosity Orbital: Infraorbital groove · Infraorbital canal Nasal: Pterygopalatine canal Processes Zygomatic process Frontal process (Agger nasi, Anterior lacrimal crest) Alveolar process Palatine process (Incisive foramen, Incisive canals, Foramina of Scarpa, Incisive bone, Anterior nasal spine) Other Body of maxilla · Maxillary sinus Zygomatic Orbital process (Zygomatico-orbital) · Temporal process (Zygomaticotemporal) · Lateral process (Zygomaticofacial) Palatine Fossae Pterygopalatine fossa · Pterygoid fossa Plates Horizontal plate (Posterior nasal spine) · Perpendicular plate (Pterygopalatine canal, Sphenopalatine foramen, Pyramidal process) Processes Orbital · Sphenoidal Mandible Body external surface (Symphysis menti, Mental protuberance, Mental foramen, Mandibular incisive canal) · internal surface (Mental spine, Mylohyoid line, Sublingual fovea, Submandibular fovea) · Alveolar part of mandible Ramus Mylohyoid groove (Mandibular canal, Lingula) · Mandibular foramen · Angle Coronoid process · Mandibular notch · Condyloid process · Pterygoid fovea Minor/ nose Nasal bone: Internasal suture · Nasal foramina Inferior nasal concha: Ethmoidal process · Maxillary process Vomer: Wing Lacrimal: Posterior lacrimal crest · Lacrimal groove · Lacrimal hamulus

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