Spanish moss
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Monocots
(unranked):	Commelinids
Order:	Poales
Family:	Bromeliaceae
Subfamily:	Tillandsioideae
Genus:	Tillandsia
Subgenus:	Diaphoranthema
Species:	T. usneoides
Binomial name
Tillandsia usneoides (L.) L.

Spanish moss (Tillandsia usneoides) is a flowering plant that grows upon larger trees, commonly the Southern live oak or bald cypress in the southeastern United States.

Spanish moss closely resembles its namesake (Usnea, or beard lichen), but in fact it is not biologically related to either mosses or lichens. Instead, it is an angiosperm in the family Bromeliaceae (the bromeliads) that grows hanging from tree branches in full sun or partial shade. Formerly this plant has been placed in the genera Anoplophytum, Caraguata, and Renealmia.^[1] It ranges from the southeastern United States (southern Virginia and eastern Maryland) to Argentina, growing wherever the climate is warm enough and has a relatively high average humidity.

The plant consists of a slender stem bearing alternate thin, curved or curly, heavily scaled leaves 2–6 cm long and 1 mm broad, that grow vegetatively in chain-like fashion (pendant) to form hanging structures 1–2 m in length, occasionally more. The plant has aerial roots and its flowers are tiny and inconspicuous. It propagates both by seed and vegetatively by fragments that blow on the wind and stick to tree limbs, or are carried by birds as nesting material.

[edit] Ecology

Close-up of Spanish moss

Spanish moss is an epiphyte (a plant that lives upon other plants; from Greek "epi"=upon "phyte"=plant), which absorbs nutrients (especially calcium) and water from the air and rainfall. Spanish moss is colloquially known as "air plant".

It can grow so thickly on tree limbs that it gives a somewhat "gothic" appearance to the landscape, and while it rarely kills the trees it lowers their growth rate by reducing the amount of light to a tree's own leaves. It also increases wind resistance, which can prove fatal to the host tree in a hurricane.

In the southern U.S., the plant seems to show a preference of growth on southern live oak and bald cypress because of these trees' high rates of foliar mineral leaching (Ca, Mg, K, and P) providing an abundant supply of nutrients to the plant^[2], but it can colonize in other tree species such as sweetgum, crape-myrtle, other oaks, or even pine.

Spanish moss shelters a number of creatures, including rat snakes and three species of bats. One species of jumping spider, Pelegrina tillandsiae, has been found only on Spanish moss.

[edit] Spanish moss in culture and folklore

Spanish moss with open seed capsule in Santee Wildlife Refuge, South Carolina.

Due to its propensity for growing in humid southern locales like Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Florida, Eastern North Carolina, southeastern Virginia, South Carolina, Texas, and Alabama, the plant is often associated with Southern Gothic imagery.

In the southeastern United States, the following tale is told:

"As the story goes; there was once a traveler who came with his Spanish fiancée in the 1700s to start a plantation near the city of Charleston SC. She was a beautiful bride-to-be with long flowing raven hair. As the couple was walking over the plantation sight[sic] near the forest, and making plans for their future, they were suddenly attacked by a band of Cherokee who were not happy to share the land of their forefathers with strangers. As a final warning to stay away from the Cherokee nation, they cut off the long dark hair of the bride-to-be and threw it up in an old live oak tree. As the people came back day after day and week after week, they began to notice the hair had shriveled and turned grey and had begun spreading from tree to tree. Over the years the moss spread from South Carolina to Georgia and Florida. To this day, if one stands under a live oak tree, one will see the moss jump from tree to tree and defend itself with a large army of beetles."^[3]

In Hawaiʻi, Spanish moss is typically referred to as ʻUmiʻumi-o-Dole, named for Governor Sanford Dole's beard.^[4] It was introduced to Hawaii in the 1800s, and became a popular ornamental and lei plant. Recently it is occasionally called "Pele's hair" after Pele the Hawaiian goddess. The term "Pele's hair" usually refers to a type of filamentous volcanic glass.

Canadian singer-songwriter Gordon Lightfoot wrote a ballad entitled "Spanish Moss".^[5]

[edit] Human uses

At one time, some 5,000 tons of Spanish moss were harvested and used in the U.S. alone.^{[citation needed]} The moss is sometimes bought for use in arts and crafts, or for beddings for flower gardens. It was once used to stuff mattresses. The plant is commonly believed to be a habitat for chiggers, but only collects the mites after it has touched the ground. Spanish moss in its natural habitat, hanging from trees, does not harbor chiggers.

Spanish moss is also known to have been worn by the women of the Timucua Indian tribe.

Tillandsia usneoides as an entire plant has been used to treat type II diabetes (mellitus), heart disease, edema, and hemorrhoids.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Gallery

Spanish moss growing on an oak tree.	Spanish moss in Costa Rica.	Close-up of Spanish moss.	Southern live oak with Spanish moss hanging from it.
Spanish moss in Louisiana.	`Umi`umi-o-Dole with a taro leaf background.	Spanish moss on a tree at a park in Singapore.	Spanish moss growing on a tree on Hilton Head Island, South Carolina

[edit] References

1. ^ Genus: Tillandsia L., GRIN Taxonomy for Plants, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture.
2. ^ William H. Schlesinger and P. L. Marks, "Mineral Cycling and the Niche of Spanish Moss, Tillandsia usneoides L.", American Journal of Botany, Vol. 64, No. 10 (Nov.–Dec., 1977), pp. 1254–1262.
3. ^ Tales
4. ^ "Nā Lei o Hawai`i - Types of Lei"
5. ^ Saturday Night Live transcripts, Season 1: Episode 21 (May 22, 1976), Gordon Lightfoot performs "Spanish Moss".

• Mabberley, D.J. 1987. The Plant Book. A Portable Dictionary of the Higher Plants. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-34060-8.
• Tillandsia usneoides (Taxonomic Serial No.: 42371), Integrated Taxonomic Information System
• Timucua#History

[edit] External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Tillandsia usneoides

• Spanish Moss: Its History, Nature and Uses -- Beaufort County Library
• Florida Forest Plants