Spanish Fly
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Coleoptera
Family:	Meloidae
Subfamily:	Meloinae
Tribe:	Lyttini
Genus:	Lytta
Species:	L. vesicatoria
Binomial name
Lytta vesicatoria Linnaeus, 1758

The Spanish fly is an emerald-green beetle in the family Meloidae, Lytta vesicatoria.^[1] Other species of blister beetle used by apothecarys are often called by the same name. Lytta vesicatoria is sometimes incorrectly called Cantharis vesicatoria, but the genus Cantharis is in an unrelated family, Cantharidae. The beetle contains up to 5% cantharidin which irritates animal tissues. The crushed powder of Spanish fly is of yellowish brown to brown-olive color with iridescent reflections, of disagreeable scent and bitter flavor.

Spanish fly, or cantharides as it is sometimes called, is often given to farm animals to incite them to mate.^[2] The cantharides excreted in the urine irritate the urethral passages, causing inflammation in the genitals and subsequent priapism.^[2] For this reason, Spanish fly has been given to humans for purposes of seduction. It is dangerous since the amount required is minuscule and the difference between the effective dose and the harmful dose is quite narrow. Cantharides cause painful urination, fever, and sometimes bloody discharge. They can cause permanent damage to the kidneys and genitals.^[2]

Contents 1 Description 2 Diet 3 Distrubution 4 History 4.1 Early uses 4.2 Aphrodisiac 4.3 Miscellaneous uses 4.4 Poison 5 Commercial products 6 Culinary use 7 Notes 8 References

[edit] Description

L. vesicatoria is 15 mm to 22 mm long and 5 mm to 8 mm wide

[edit] Diet

Adults feed on leaves of ash, lilac, amur privet, and white willow trees; larvae are parasitic on the brood of ground nesting bees.^[3]

[edit] Distrubution

Vesicatoria lives in scrublands and woods throughout southern Europe and eastward to Central Asia and Siberia.^[3]

[edit] History

[edit] Early uses

Medical use dates back to descriptions from Hippocrates. Plasters made from wings of these beetles have been used to raise blisters. In ancient China, cantharides beetles were mixed with human excrement, arsenic and wolfsbane to make the world's first recorded stink bomb.^[4]

[edit] Aphrodisiac

It is also one of the world’s most well-known aphrodisiacs:

• In Roman times, Livia, the scheming wife of Augustus Caesar, slipped it into food hoping to inspire her guests to some indiscretion with which she could later blackmail them.^[5]
• Henry IV (1050-1106) is known to have consumed Spanish fly at the risk of his health.
• In 1572, Ambroise Paré wrote an account of a man suffering from "the most frightful satyriasis" after taking a potion composed of nettles and cantharides.^[6]
• In the 1670s, Spanish fly was mixed with dried moles and bat's blood for a love charm made by the black^{[clarification needed]} magician La Voisin.^[7]
• It was slipped into the food of Louis XIV to secure the king's lust for Madame de Montespan.
• In the 18th century, cantharides became fashionable, known as pastilles Richelieu in France.
• The Marquis de Sade is claimed to have given aniseed-flavored pastilles that were laced with Spanish fly to prostitutes at an orgy in 1772. He was sentenced to death for poisoning and sodomy, but later reprieved on appeal.

[edit] Miscellaneous uses

In Santeria, catharides are used in incense.^[8]

Cantharide was used as an abortifacient,^[9] a stimulant (since one of its effects was producing insomnia and nervous agitation), and as a poison.

[edit] Poison

In powder, mixed with the food, cantharide could go unnoticed. Aqua toffana, or aquetta di Napoli, was one of the poisons associated with the Medicis. Thought to be a mixture of arsenic and cantharides, it was reportedly created by an Italian countess, Toffana. Four to six drops of this poison in water or wine was enough to deliver death in a few hours.^[10]

In order to determine if a death had taken place by the effects of Spanish fly, investigators resorted to the vesicación test. One of those test methods consisted of rubbing part of the internal organs of the deceased, dissolved in oil, on the shaved skin of a rabbit; the absorption of the cantharides and its blistering effect are such that they became visible on the skin of the rabbit.

[edit] Commercial products

This article or section appears to contradict itself. Please help fix this problem. (November 2009)

Cantharides are illegal in the United States, except for use in animal husbandry^[11] and by licensed physicians for the topical treatment of certain types of warts. Some Internet or mail order suppliers of sex stimulants advertise such products like "Herbal Spanish fly", "Mexican Spanish Fly", or "Spanish Fly Potion". Most of these products are simply cayenne pepper in capsules, sometimes blended with the powder of ginseng, kelp, ginger or gotu kola.^[11] The products with the name "Spanische Fliege (Spanish fly)" that are available in Germany represent no danger since they are diluted to the point where they contain no trace of the active substance, as they are homeopathic remedies.

[edit] Culinary use

Dawamesk, a spread or jam made in North Africa and containing hashish, almond paste, pistachio nuts, sugar, orange or tamarind peel, cloves and other various spices, occasionally included Spanish fly.

In Morocco and other parts of North Africa, a spice blend called Ras el hanout included cantharides in its list of ingredients at one time. However, the sale of Spanish fly in the Moroccan spice markets was banned in the 1990s.^[12]

[edit] Notes

[edit] References

Wikispecies has information related to: Spanish fly

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Spanish fly

• Booth, Martin (2004), Cannabis: A History, Picador, ISBN 0-312-42494-9.
• Cavendish, Richard (1968), The Black Arts: An Absorbing Account of Witchcraft, Demonology, Astrology, and Other Mystical Practices Throughout the Ages, Perigee Trade, ISBN 0-399-50035-9.
• Davidson, Alan (1999), The Oxford Companion to Food, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-211579-0.
• Gonzalez-Wippler, Migene (2002), Santeria: The Religion, Llewellyn Publications, ISBN 1-56718-329-8.
• Gottlieb, Adam (1992), Sex, Drugs, and Aphrodisiacs, Ronin Publishing, CA, ISBN 0-914171-56-9.
• Milsten, Richard (2000), The Sexual Male: Problems and Solutions, W. W. Norton & Company, ISBN 0-393-32127-4.
• Reichl, Ruth (2004), The Gourmet Cookbook, Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 0-618-37408-6.
• Stevens, Serita Deborah (1990), Deadly Doses: A Writer's Guide to Poisons, Writer's Digest Books, ISBN 0-89879-371-8.
• Theroux, Paul (1989), Riding the Iron Rooster, Ivy Books, ISBN 0-8041-0454-9.