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Sound measurements
Sound pressure p
Particle velocity v
Particle velocity level (SVL)
(Sound velocity level)
Particle displacement ξ
Sound intensity I
Sound intensity level (SIL)
Sound power Pac
Sound power level (SWL)
Sound energy density E
Sound energy flux q
Surface S
Acoustic impedance Z
Speed of sound c v • d • e

Sound power level or acoustic power level is a logarithmic measure of the sound power in comparison to a specified reference level. While sound pressure level is given in decibels SPL, or dB SPL, sound power is given in dB SWL. The dimensionless term "SWL" can be thought of as "sound watts level,"^[1] the acoustic output power measured relative to a very low base level of watts given as 10^-12 or .000000000001 watts. As used by architectural acousticians to describe noise inside a building, typical noise measurements in SWL are very small, less than 1 watt of acoustic power.^[1]

The sound power level of a signal with sound power W is:^{[2] [3]}

where W₀ is the 0 dB reference level:

The sound power level is given the symbol L_W. This is not to be confused with dBW, which uses 1 W as a reference level.

In the case of a free field sound source in air at ambient temperature, the sound power level is approximately related to sound pressure level (SPL) at distance r of the source by the equation

where S₀ = 1m².^[1]

This is only valid assuming the acoustic impedance of the medium equals 400 Pa*s/m.

Contents 1 Table: Sound power level and sound power of some sound sources 1.1 SPL in audio equipment 2 References 3 External links

[edit] Table: Sound power level and sound power of some sound sources

Situation and sound source	sound power Pac watts	sound power level Lw dB re 10-12 W
Rocket engine	1,000,000 W	180 dB
Turbojet engine	10,000 W	160 dB
Siren	1,000 W	150 dB
Heavy truck engine or loudspeaker rock concert	100 W	140 dB
Machine gun	10 W	130 dB
Jackhammer	1 W	120 dB
Excavator, trumpet	0.3 W	115 dB
Chain saw	0.1 W	110 dB
Loud speech	0.001 W	90 dB
Usual talking, Typewriter	10−5 W	70 dB
Refrigerator	10−7 W	50 dB
(Auditory threshold at 2.8 m)	10-10 W	20 dB
(Auditory threshold at 28 cm)	10-12 W	0 dB

The Trumpet and excavator both have the same sound power of 0.3 watts, but may be judged psychoacoustically to be different levels. As noise is unwanted sound the trumpet can be perceived to be acceptable when listened to as music but at the same sound power level may be perceived to be noisy if one is trying to sleep.

One of the advantages of expressing the noise level of a source in terms of its power level is that one does not have to note any distance from the source.

[edit] SPL in audio equipment

Most audio manufacturers use SPL to help describe the sensitivity of their speakers. The sensitivity specifies how effectively a speaker converts power (watts)into loudness (decibels). Sensitivity is normally closely correlated to the speakers efficiency but it is measured in a different way. The most common way to measure sensitivity is by measuring the sound power level from the speaker with the measuring device placed directly in front of and one meter away from the source. Then a particular sound (usually white noise or pink noise) is played through the source at a particular intensity so that the source is consuming one watt of power. The SPL is then measured and the product labeled, something like "SPL: 93 dB 1 W/1 m". This measurement can also be represented as a strict efficiency ratio of audio output (sound power) to electrical input (electrical power), but this is far less common. This method of rating speakers using SPL is often deceiving because most speakers produce very different SPLs at different frequencies of sound, often varying as much as ±10 dB throughout the speaker's usable frequency range (it generally varies less in higher quality speakers). The SPL quoted by the manufacturer is often an average over a particular range.

[edit] References

1. ^ ^{a b c} Chadderton, David V. Building services engineering, pp. 301, 306, 309, 322. Taylor & Francis, 2004. ISBN 0415315352
2. ^ Sound Power, Sound Intensity, and the difference between the two - Indiana University's High Energy Physics Department
3. ^ Georgia State University Physics Department - Tutorial on Sound Intensity

[edit] External links

• Ohm's law as acoustic equivalent - calculator
• Formulas - Connection of acoustic sizes for even progressive acoustic waves -pdf
• Radiation modes and the active control of sound power - Journal Article: Acoustical Society of America