Skipper (butterfly) Information & Skipper (butterfly) Links at HealthHaven.com

Skipper Butterfly
	Green Grass-Dart Skipper Butterfly, Ocybadistes walkeri
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia;
Phylum:	Arthropoda;
Class:	Insecta;
Order:	Lepidoptera;
(unranked):	Rhopalocera;
Superfamily:	Hesperioidea;
Family:	Hesperiidae; Latreille, 1809
Subfamilies
	Coeliadinae; Hesperiinae; Heteropterinae; Megathyminae (disputed); Pyrginae; Pyrrhopyginae; Trapezitinae
Diversity
	About 550 genera,; 3,500 species

A skipper is a butterfly of the family Hesperiidae, and superfamily Hesperioidea (there is only one family in this superfamily). They are named after their quick, darting flight habits. There are more than 3500 recognized species of skippers and they occur worldwide, but with the greatest diversity occurring in the tropical regions of Central and South America.

All butterflies other than skippers are classified into either the superfamily Papilionoidea or the neotropical superfamily Hedyloidea. Collectively, these three groups of butterflies share many characteristics, especially in the egg, larval and pupal stage (Ackery et al. 1999). However, skippers have the antennae clubs hooked backward like a crochet hook, while regular butterflies have club-like tips to their antennae and hedylids have feathered or pectinate antennae, giving them an even more moth-like appearance than skippers. Skippers also have generally stockier bodies than the other two groups, with stronger wing muscles. Hesperioidea is very likely the sister group of Papilionoidea, and together with Hedyloidea constitute a natural group or clade.

There are about 3500 species of skippers. They are usually classified in the following subfamilies:

Awls, Awlets and Policemen (Subfamily Coeliadinae, about 75 species)
Grass Skippers (Subfamily Hesperiinae, over 2000 species)
Skipperlings (Subfamily Heteropterinae, about 150 species)
Giant Skippers (Subfamily Megathyminae, about 18 species)^[1]^[2]
Spread-winged Skippers (Subfamily Pyrginae, about 1000 species)
Firetips (Subfamily Pyrrhopyginae, about 150 species)
Australian Skippers (Subfamily Trapezitinae, about 60 species)

Coeliadinae

"Pyrginae" (including Pyrrhopyginae)

Heteropterinae

	Trapezitinae

	Hesperiinae (including Megathyminae)

A phylogeny of the families based on DNA sequence data.^[3]

Note: Some authorities treat the Giant Skippers as a separate family, the Megathymidae, but more modern classifications place them within the subfamily Hesperiinae in the family Hesperiidae.

Many species of skippers look frustratingly alike. For example, some species in the genera Erynnis, Hesperia, and Amblyscirtes cannot currently be distinguished in the field by experts, the only reliable method of telling them apart involving dissection and examination of the genitalia.

[edit] References

^ "ITIS Standard Report Page: Aegialini". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=694156. Retrieved 2009-04-29.
^ "ITIS Standard Report Page: Megathymini". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=694271. Retrieved 2009-04-29.
^ Warren A, Ogawa J, Brower A. (2008) Phylogenetic relationships of subfamilies and circumscription of tribes in the family Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea). Cladistics 24(5):642-676

Ackery, P.R., de Jong, R and Vane-Wright, R.I. (1999). The Butterflies: Hedyloidea, Hesperioidea and Papilionoidae. Pp. 263-300 in Kristensen, N.P. (Ed.). Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies. Volume 1: Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography. Handbuch der Zoologie. Eine Naturgeschichte der Stämme des Tierreiches / Handbook of Zoology. A Natural History of the phyla of the Animal Kingdom. Band / Volume IV Arthropoda: Insecta Teilband / Part 35: 491 pp. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York.

[edit] External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Hesperiidae

Wikispecies has information related to: Hesperiidae

Nearctica North America (Index page)
Skippers of North America: Large format diagnostic photographs Cirrus Digital Imaging
Tree of Life Hesperiidae
bean leafroller on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site
Megathymus yuccae, yucca giant-skipper on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site
Epargyreus clarus, silver-spotted skipper on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site
Internet Archive Free download of Watson, E.Y. 1891 Hesperiidae Indicae : being a reprint of descriptions of the Hesperiidae of India, Burma, and Ceylon

[ITIS2-0] "ITIS Standard Report Page: Aegialini". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=694156. Retrieved 2009-04-29.

[ITIS3-1] "ITIS Standard Report Page: Megathymini". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=694271. Retrieved 2009-04-29.

[2] Warren A, Ogawa J, Brower A. (2008) Phylogenetic relationships of subfamilies and circumscription of tribes in the family Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea). Cladistics 24(5):642-676

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