The short chronology is one chronology of the Near Eastern Bronze and Early Iron Age, which fixes the reign of Hammurabi to 1728 BC – 1686 BC and the sack of Babylon to 1531 BC.

The absolute 2nd millennium BC dates resulting from this decision currently have a majority (though not unanimous) support in academia, although the middle chronology (reign of Hammurabi 1792 BC – 1750 BC) is commonly encountered in older literature.

Contents 1 Early Bronze Age 1.1 Kings of Ebla 1.2 Sumer 2 Middle Bronze Age 3 Late Bronze Age 4 Iron Age 5 Notes 6 See also 7 References 8 External links

[edit] Early Bronze Age

Estimation of absolute dates becomes possible in the 2nd half of the 3rd millennium BC. For the first half of the 3rd millennium, only very rough chronological matching of archaeological dates with written records is possible.

[edit] Kings of Ebla

The city-states of Ebla and Mari contested for power at this time. Eventually, under Irkab-Damu, Ebla defeats Mari for control of the region just in time to face the rise of Uruk and Akkad. After years of back and forth, Ebla is destroyed by the Akkadian Empire. Pottery seals of the Egyptian pharaoh Pepi I have been found in the wreckage of the city. ^[1]

Ruler	Proposed reign	Notes
Igrish-Halam	circa 2300 BC
Irkab-Damu		Contemporary of Iblul-Il of Mari
Ar-Ennum or Reshi-Ennum
Ibrium or Ebrium		Contemporary of Tudiya of Assyria (treaty)
Ibbi-Sipish or Ibbi-Zikir		Son of Ibrium
Dubuhu-Ada		Ebla destroyed by Naram-Sin or Sargon of Akkad

[edit] Sumer

Third Dynasty of Uruk

Lugal-zage-si of Umma briefly rules from Uruk after defeating Lagash, eventually falling to the emerging Akkadian Empire. ^[2]

Ruler	Proposed reign	Notes
Lugal-zage-si	2295 BC – 2271 BC	Defeats Urukagina of Lagash and is in turn defeated by Sargon of Akkad

Dynasty of Akkad

Since Akkad (or Agade), the capital of the Akkadian Empire has not yet been found, available chronological data comes from outlying locations like Ebla, Tell Brak, Nippur, Susa and Tell Leilan. Clearly, the expansion of Akkad came under the rules of Sargon and Naram-sin. The last king of the empire, Shar-kali-sharri managed to mostly hold things together but upon his death, the empire fragmented. Finally, the city of Akkad itself is destroyed by the Guti. ^{[3] [4] [5]}

Ruler	Proposed reign	Notes
Sargon	2270 BC – 2215 BC
Rimush	2214 BC – 2206 BC	Son of Sargon
Man-ishtishu	2205 BC – 2191 BC	Son of Sargon
Naram-sin	2190 BC – 2154 BC	Grandson of Sargon
Shar-kali-sharri	2153 BC – 2129 BC	Son of Naram-sin
Irgigi
Nanum
Imi
Ilulu
Dudu	2125 BC – 2104 BC
Shu-Durul	2104 BC – 2083 BC	City of Akkad falls to the Guti

Gutian Kings

First appearing in the area during the reign of Sargon of Akkad, the Guti became a regional power after the decline of the Akkadian Empire following Shar-kali-sharri. The dynasty ends with the defeat of the last king, Tirigan, by Uruk. Only a handful of the Guti kings are attested to by inscriptions, aside from the Sumerian king list. ^[6]

Ruler	Proposed reign	Notes
Erridupizir	2141 BC – 2138 BC	Royal inscription at Nippur
Imta or Nibia	2138 BC – 2135 BC
Inkishush	2135 BC – 2129 BC	First Gutian ruler on the Sumerian king list
Sarlagab	2129 BC – 2126 BC
Shulme	2126 BC – 2120 BC
Elulmesh or Silulumesh	2120 BC – 2114 BC
Inimabakesh	2114 BC – 2109 BC
Igeshaush or Igeaus	2109 BC – 2103 BC
Yarlagab or Yarlaqaba	2103 BC – 2088 BC
Ibate	2088 BC – 2085 BC
Yarlangab or Yarla	2085 BC – 2082 BC
Kurum	2082 BC – 2081 BC
Apilkin or Habil-kin or Apil-kin	2081 BC – 2078 BC
La-erabum	2078 BC – 2076 BC	Mace head inscription
Irarum	2076 BC – 2074 BC
Ibranum	2074 BC – 2073 BC
Hablum	2073 BC – 2071 BC
Puzur-Suen	2071 BC – 2064 BC	Son of Hablum
Yarlaganda	2064 BC – 2057 BC	Foundation inscription at Umma
Si-um or Si-u	2057 BC – 2050 BC	Foundation inscription at Umma
Tirigan	2050 BC – 2050 BC	Contemporary of Utu-hengal of Uruk

Second Dynasty of Lagash

Following the collapse of the Akkadian Empire after Shar-kali-sharri of Akkad under pressure from the invading Gutians, Lagash gradually regained prominence. As a client state to the Gutian Kings, Lagash was extremely successful, peaking under the rule of Gudea. After the last Gutian King, Tirigan, was defeated, by Utu-hengal, Lagash came under the control of Ur under Ur-Namma. ^[7] Note that there is some indication that the order of the last two rulers of Lagash should be reversed. ^[8]

Ruler	Proposed reign	Notes
Lugalushumgal
Puzer-Mama
Ur-Utu
Ur-Mama
Lu-Baba
Lugula
Kaku or Kakug
Ur-Bau or Ur-baba	2093 BC – 2080 BC
Gudea	2080 BC – 2060 BC	Son-in-law of Ur-baba
Ur-Ningirsu	2060 BC – 2055 BC	Son of Gudea
Pirigme or Ugme	2055 BC – 2053 BC	Grandson of Gudea
Ur-gar	2053 BC – 2049 BC
Nammahani	2049 BC – 2046 BC	Grandson of Kaku, defeated by Ur-Namma

Fifth Dynasty of Uruk

Uniting various Sumerian city-states, Utu-hengal frees the region from the Gutians. Note that the Sumerian king list records a preceding 4th Dynasty of Uruk which is as yet unattested. ^[9]

Ruler	Proposed reign	Notes
Utu-hengal	2055 BC – 2048 BC	Appoints Ur-Namma as governor of Ur

Third Dynasty of Ur (Sumerian Renaissance)

In an apparently peaceful transition, Ur came to power after the end of the reign of Utu-hengal of Uruk, with the first king, Ur-Namma, solidifying his power with the defeat of Lagash. By the dynasty's end with the destruction of Ur by Elamites and Shimashki, the dynasty included little more than the area around Ur. ^{[10] [11] [12]}

Ruler	Proposed reign	Notes
Ur-Namma or Ur-Engur	2047 BC – 2030 BC	Defeated Nammahani of Lagash; Contemporary of Utu-hengal of Uruk
Shulgi	2029 BC – 1982 BC	Possible lunar/solar eclipse 2005 BC[13]
Amar-Suena	1981 BC – 1973 BC	Son of Shulgi
Shu-Suen	1972 BC – 1964 BC
Ibbi-Suen	1963 BC – 1940 BC	Son of Shu-Suen

[edit] Middle Bronze Age

The Old Assyrian / Old Babylonian period (20th to 15th centuries)

First Dynasty of Isin

After Ishbi-Erra of Isin breaks away from the declining Third Dynasty of Ur under Ibbi-Suen, Isin reaches its peak under Ishme-Dagan. Weakened by attacks from the upstart Babylonians, Isin eventually falls to its rival Larsa under Rim-Sin I.^[14][15]

Ruler	Proposed reign	Notes
Ishbi-Erra	1953 BC – 1921 BC	Contemporary of Ibbi-Suen of Ur III
Shu-ilishu	1920 BC – 1911 BC	Son of Ishbi-Erra
Iddin-Dagan	1910 BC – 1890 BC	Son of Shu-ilishu
Ishme-Dagan	1889 BC – 1871 BC	Son of Iddin-Dagan
Lipit-Eshtar	1870 BC – 1860 BC	Contemporary of Gungunum of Larsa
Ur-Ninurta	1859 BC – 1832 BC	Contemporary of Abisare of Larsa
Bur-Suen	1831 BC – 1811 BC	Son of Ur-Ninurta
Lipit-Enlil	1810 BC – 1806 BC	Son of Bur-Suen
Erra-imitti or Ura-imitti	1805 BC – 1799 BC
Enlil-bani	1798 BC – 1775 BC	Contemporary of Sumu-la-El of Babylon
Zambiya	1774 BC – 1772 BC	Contemporary of Sin-Iqisham of Larsa
Iter-pisha	1771 BC – 1768 BC
Ur-du-kuga	1767 BC – 1764 BC
Suen-magir	1763 BC – 1753 BC
Damiq-ilishu	1752 BC – 1730 BC	Son of Suen-magir

Kings of Larsa

The chronology of the Kingdom of Larsa is based mainly on the Larsa King List (Larsa Dynastic List), the Larsa Date Lists, and a number of royal inscriptions and commercial records. The Larsa King List was compiled in Babylon during the reign of Hammurabi, conqueror of Larsa. It is suspected that the list elevated the first several Amorite Isinite governors of Larsa to kingship so as to legitimize the rule of the Amorite Babylonians over Larsa. After a period of Babylonian occupation, Larsa briefly breaks free in a revolt ended by the death of the last king, Rim-Sin II.^{[16] [17] [18]}

Ruler	Proposed reign	Notes
Naplanum	1961 BC – 1940 BC	Contemporary of Ibbi-Suen of Ur III
Emisum	1940 BC – 1912 BC
Samium	1912 BC – 1877 BC
Zabaia	1877 BC – 1868 BC	Son of Samium, First royal inscription
Gungunum	1868 BC – 1841 BC	Gained independence from Lipit-Eshtar of Isin
Abisare	1841 BC – 1830 BC
Sumuel	1830 BC – 1801 BC
Nur-Adad	1801 BC – 1785 BC	Contemporary of Sumu-la-El of Babylon
Sin-Iddinam	1785 BC – 1778 BC	Son of Nur-Adad
Sin-Eribam	1778 BC – 1776 BC
Sin-Iqisham	1776 BC – 1771 BC	Contemporary of Zambiya of Isin, Son of Sin-Eribam
Silli-Adad	1771 BC – 1770 BC
Warad-Sin	1770 BC – 1758 BC	Possible co-regency with Kudur-Mabuk his father
Rim-Sin I	1758 BC – 1699 BC	Contemporary of Irdanene of Uruk, Defeated by Hammurabi of Babylon, Brother of Warad-Sin
Hammurabi of Babylon	1699 BC – 1686 BC	Official Babylonian rule
Samsu-iluna of Babylon	1686 BC – 1678 BC	Official Babylonian rule
Rim-Sin II	1678 BC – 1674 BC	Killed in revolt against Babylon

First Babylonian Dynasty (Dynasty I)

Following the fall of the Ur III Dynasty, the resultant power vacuum was contested by Isin and Larsa, with Babylon and Assyria later joining the fray. In the second half of the reign of Hammurabi, Babylon became the preeminent power, a position it largely maintained until the sack by Mursili I in 1531 BC. Note that there are no contemporary accounts of the sack of Babylon. It is inferred from much later documents.^[19][20]

Ruler	Proposed reign	Notes
Sumu-abum or Su-abu	1830 BC – 1817 BC	Contemporary of Ilushuma of Assyria
Sumu-la-El	1817 BC – 1781 BC	Contemporary of Erishum I of Assyria
Sabium or Sabum	1781 BC – 1767 BC	Son of Sumu-la-El
Apil-Sin	1767 BC – 1749 BC	Son of Sabium
Sin-muballit	1748 BC – 1729 BC	Son of Apil-Sin
Hammurabi	1728 BC – 1686 BC	Contemporary of Zimri-Lim of Mari, Siwe-palar-huppak of Elam and Shamshi-Adad I
Samsu-iluna	1686 BC – 1648 BC	Son of Hammurabi
Abi-eshuh or Abieshu	1648 BC – 1620 BC	Son of Samsu-iluna
Ammi-ditana	1620 BC – 1583 BC	Son of Abi-eshuh
Ammi-saduqa or Ammisaduqa	1582 BC – 1562 BC	Venus tablet of Ammisaduqa
Samsu-Ditana	1562 BC – 1531 BC	Sack of Babylon

1st Sealand Dynasty (2nd Dynasty of Babylon)

When the names of Sealand Dynasty kings were found on cuneiform records like the Babylonian Kings Lists, Chronicle 20, Chronicle of the Early Kings, and the Synchronistic King List, it was assumed that the dynasty slotted in between the First Dynasty of Babylon and the Kassites. ^[21] Later discoveries changed this to the assumption that the dynasty ran entirely in parallel to the others. Modern scholarship has made it clear that the Sealand Dynasty did in fact control Babylon and the remnants of its empire for a time after its sack by the Hittites in 1531 BC. ^{[22] [23]}

Ruler	Proposed reign	Notes
Ilumael or Iluma-ilum	circa 1700 BC	Contemporary of Samsu-iluna and Abi-eshuh of the First Dynasty of Babylon
Itti-ili-nibi
Damiq-ilishu
Ishkibal
Sussi or Shushushi
Gulkishar
Mgisen or Gishen
Peshgaldaramesh		Son of Gulkishar
Ayadaragalama		Son of Gulkishar
Ekurduanna
Melamkurkurra
Ea-gamil		Contemporary of Ulamburiash of the Kassite dynasty of Babylon

Hittite Old Kingdom

The absolute chronology of the Hittite Old Kingdom hinges entirely on the date of the sack of Babylon. In 1531 BC, for reasons that are still extremely unclear, Mursili I marched roughly 500 miles from Aleppo to Babylon, sacked it, and then promptly returned home, never to return. Other than that event, all the available chronological synchronisms are local to the region in and near Anatolia.

Ruler	Proposed reign	Notes
Pusarruma
Labarna I
Hattusili I or Labarna II	1586 BC – 1556 BC	Grandfather of Mursili I
Mursili I	1556 BC – 1526 BC	Sacked Babylon in reign of Samsu-Ditana of Babylon
Hantili I	1526 BC – 1496 BC
Zidanta I	1496 BC – 1486 BC
Ammuna	1486 BC – 1466 BC	Son of Hantili I
Huzziya I	1466 BC – 1461 BC	Son of Ammuna

[edit] Late Bronze Age

The Middle Assyrian period (14th to 12th centuries)

Third Babylon Dynasty (Kassite)

The Kassites first appeared during the reign of Samsu-Iluna of the First Babylonian Dynasty and after being defeated by Babylon, moved to control the city-state of Mari. Some undetermined amount of time after the fall of Babylon, the Kassites established a new Babylonian dynasty. The Babylonian king list identifies 36 kings reigning 576 years, however, only about 18 names are legible. A few more were identified by inscriptions. There is some confusion in the middle part of the dynasty because of conflicts between the Synchronistic Chronicle and Chronicle P. The later kings are well attested from kudurru steles. Relative dating is from sychronisms with Egypt, Assyria and the Hittites. The dynasty ends with the defeat of Enlil-nadin-ahi by Elam. ^{[24] [25] [26][27]}

Ruler	Proposed reign	Notes
Agum II or Agum-Kakrime
Burnaburiash I		Treaty with Puzur-Ashur III of Assyria
Kashtiliash III
Ulamburiash		Conquers the first Sealand dynasty
Agum III
Karaindash		Contemporary of Amenophis III of Egypt
Kadashman-harbe I
Kurigalzu I
Kadashman-Enlil I	1374 BC – 1360 BC	Contemporary of Amenophis III of the Egyptian Amarna letters
Burnaburiash II	1359 BC – 1333 BC	Contemporary of Akhenaten and Ashur-uballit I
Kara-hardash	1333 BC	Grandson of Ashur-uballit I of Assyria
Nazi-Bugash or Shuzigash	1333 BC
Kurigalzu II	1332 BC – 1308 BC	Son of Burnaburiash II, Fought Battle of Sugagi with Enlil-nirari of Assyria
Nazi-Maruttash	1307 BC – 1282 BC	Contemporary of Adad-nirari I of Assyria
Kadashman-Turgu	1281 BC – 1264 BC	Contemporary of Hattusili III of the Hittites
Kadashman-Enlil II	1263 BC – 1255 BC	Contemporary of Hattusili III of the Hittites
Kudur-Enlil	1254 BC – 1246 BC
Shagarakti-Shuriash	1245 BC – 1233 BC	Son of Kudur-Enlil
Kashtiliashu IV	1232 BC – 1225 BC	Contemporary of Tukulti-Ninurta I of Assyria
Enlil-nadin-shumi	1224 BC	Assyria installed governor
Kadashman-Harbe II	1223 BC	Assyria installed governor
Adad-shuma-iddina	1222 BC – 1217 BC	Assyria installed governor
Adad-shuma-usur	1216 BC – 1187 BC	Contemporary of Ashur-nirari III of Assyria
Meli-Shipak II	1186 BC – 1172 BC
Marduk-apla-iddina I	1171 BC – 1159 BC
Zababa-shuma-iddin	1158 BC
Enlil-nadin-ahi	1157 BC – 1155 BC	Defeated by Shutruk-Nahhunte of Elam

Mitanni

Perhaps because the capital of Mitanni, Washukanni, has not yet been found, there are no available king lists, year lists, or royal inscriptions. Fortunately, a fair amount of diplomatic, Hittite, and Assyrian sources exist to firm up the chronology. Having become powerful under Shaushtatar, Mitanni eventually falls into the traditional trap of dynasties, the contest for succession. Tushratta and Artatama II both claim the kingship and the Hittites and Assyrians take advantage of the situation. After that, Mitanni was no longer a factor in the region. ^{[28] [29]}

Ruler	Proposed reign	Notes
Kirta	ca. 1500 BC
Parshatatar or Parrattarna		Son of Kirta
Shaushtatar		Contemporary of Idrimi of Alalakh, Sacks Ashur
Artatama I		Treaty with Pharaoh Thutmose IV of Egypt, Contemporary of Pharaoh Amenhotep II of Egypt
Shuttarna II		Daughter marries Pharaoh Amenhotep III of Egypt in his year 10
Artashumara		Son of Shutarna II, brief reign
Tushratta	ca. 1350 BC	Contemporary of Suppiluliuma I of the Hittites and Pharaohs Amenhotep III and Amenhotep IV of Egypt, Amarna letters
Artatama II		Treaty with Suppiluliuma I of the Hittites, ruled same time as Tushratta
Shuttarna III		Contemporary of Suppiluliuma I of the Hittites
Shattiwaza		Mitanni becomes vassal of the Hittite Empire
Shattuara I		Mittani becomes vassal of Assyria under Adad-nirari I
Wasashatta		Son of Shattuara I

Assyrian Middle Kingdom

Long a minor player, after the defeat of its neighbor Mitanni by the Hittites, Assyria rises to the ranks of a major power under Ashur-uballit I. The period is marked by conflict with rivals Babylon and the Hittites as well as diplomatic exchanges with Egypt, in the Amarna letters. Note that after the excavation, in the late 1800s and early 1900s, of various Neo-Assyrian documents, such as the Assyrian king list, scholars assumed that the chronological data for earlier Assyrian periods could be taken as accurate history. That view has changed over the years and the early Assyrian chronology is being re-assessed. Since there is yet no consensus, the traditional order and regnal lengths will be followed. ^{[30] [31] [32]}

Ruler	Proposed reign	Notes
Eriba-Adad I	1380 BC – 1353 BC
Ashur-uballit I	1353 BC – 1318 BC	Contemporary of Burnaburiash II of Babylon and Suppiluliuma I of the Hittites
Enlil-nirari	1317 BC – 1308 BC	Fought Battle of Sugagi with Kurigalzu II of Babylon, Son of Ashur-uballit I
Arik-den-ili	1307 BC – 1296 BC
Adad-nirari I	1295 BC – 1264 BC	Contemporary of Shattuara I and Wasashatta of Mitanni
Shalmaneser I	1263 BC – 1234 BC	Son of Adad-nirari I
Tukulti-Ninurta I	1233 BC – 1197 BC	Contemporary of Kashtiliashu IV of Babylon
Ashur-nadin-apli	1196 BC – 1194 BC	Son of Tukulti-Ninurta I
Ashur-nirari III	1193 BC – 1188 BC	Contemporary of Adad-shuma-usur of Babylon and Son of Ashur-nadin-apli
Enlil-kudurri-usur	1187 BC – 1183 BC	Son of Tukulti-Ninurta I
Ninurta-apal-Ekur	1182 BC – 1180 BC

Hittite New Kingdom

Beginning under his father, Suppiluliuma I brought the Hittites from obscurity into an empire that lasts for almost 150 years. The Hittite New Kingdom reaches its height after the defeat of Mitanni, an event which ironically leads to the rise of Assyria. The dynasty ends with the destruction of Hattusa by parties undetermined but which may have included the Sea People and the Kaskians. ^{[33] [34] [35] [36]}

Ruler	Proposed reign	Notes
Tudhaliya III	1360 BC – 1344 BC	Son of Tudhaliya II
Suppiluliuma I	1344 BC – 1322 BC	Son of Tudhaliya III, Contemporary of Tushratta of Mitanni
Arnuwanda II	1322 BC – 1321 BC	Son of Suppiluliuma I
Mursili II	1321 BC – 1295 BC	Son of Suppiluliuma I; Mursili's eclipse
Muwatalli II	1295 BC – 1272 BC	Son of Mursili II, Battle of Kadesh in year 5 of Ramses II of Egypt,
Mursili III or Urhi-Teshub	1272 BC – 1267 BC	Son of Muwatalli II
Hattusili III	1267 BC – 1237 BC	Treaty in year 21 of Ramses II of Egypt, Contemporary of Shalmaneser I of Assyria & Kadashman-Turgu of Babylon
Tudhaliya IV	1237 BC – 1209 BC	Son of Hattusili III, Battle of Nihriya
Arnuwanda III	1209 BC – 1207 BC	Son of Tudhaliya IV
Suppiluliuma II	1207 BC – 1178 BC	Son of Tudhaliya IV, Fall of Hattusa

Kings of Ugarit

A client state of Mitanni and later the Hittites, Ugarit was nonetheless a significant player in the region. While regnal lengths and an absolute chronology for Ugarit are not yet available, the known order of kings and some firm synchronisms make it reasonably placeable in time. The fall of Ugarit has been narrowed down to the range from the reign of Pharaoh Merneptah to the 8th year of Pharaoh Rameses III of Egypt. This is roughly the same time that Hattusa is destroyed. ^{[37] [38]}

Ruler	Proposed reign	Notes
Ammittamru I	ca. 1350 BC
Niqmaddu II		Contemporary of Suppiluliuma I of the Hittites
Arhalba
Niqmepa		Treaty with Mursili II of the Hittites, Son of Niqmadu II,
Ammittamru II		Contemporary of Bentisina of Amurru, Son of Niqmepa
Ibiranu
Niqmaddu III
Ammurapi	ca. 1200 BC	Contemporary of Chancellor Bay of Egypt, Ugarit is destroyed

[edit] Iron Age

The Early Iron Age (12th to 7th centuries BC). While not subject to the long versus short dating issue, chronology in the Ancient Near East is not on a firm footing until the rise of the Neo-Babylonian and Neo-Assyrian rulers in their respective regions. The dates, regnal lengths, and even the names of a number of rulers from that interim period are still unknown. To make matters worse, the few surviving records, such as the Synchronistic Chronicle, give conflicting data. ^[39]

Second Dynasty of Isin

After the fall of the Kassite dynasty of Babylon to Elam, power in the region, and control of Babylon, swung to the city-state of Isin. Assyria at this time was extremely weak, except during the reign of the powerful Assyrian ruler Tiglath-Pileser I. Other polities in the area had yet to recover from the Bronze Age collapse. ^{[40] [41]}

Ruler	Reign	Notes
Marduk-kabit-ahhešu	1157 BC - 1140 BC
Itti-Marduk-balatu	1139 BC - 1132 BC
Ninurta-nadin-šumi	1131 BC - 1126 BC	Contemporary of Ashur-resh-ishi I of Assyria
Nebuchadnezzar I	1125 BC - 1104 BC	Orig. Nabu-kudurri-usur , Contemporary of Ashur-resh-ishi I
Enlil-nadin-apli	1103 BC - 1100 BC	Son of Nebuchadnezzar I
Marduk-nadin-ahhe	1099 BC - 1082 BC	Contemporary of Tiglath-Pileser I of Assyria
Marduk-šapik-zeri	1081 BC - 1069 BC	Contemporary of Ashur-bel-kala of Assyria
Adad-apla-iddina	1168 BC - 1147 BC	Contemporary of Ashur-bel-kala
Marduk-ahhe-eriba	1046 BC
Marduk-zer-X	1045 BC - 1034 BC
Nabu-šum-libur	1033 BC - 1026 BC

Middle-Assyrian period

After the Middle Assyrian Kingdom there is an uncertain period in Assyrian history. The current cornerstone of chronology for this time is the Assyrian King List which, unfortuneately, conflicts with other records such as the Synchronised King List and the Babylonian King List. In any event, the rulers of Assyria in this time were all fairly weak, except for Tiglath-Pileser I. Note too that this chronology is based on assumed synchronisms with Egypt in the previous period.

Ruler	Reign	Notes
Ashur-Dan I	1179 – 1133 BC	Son of Ninurta-apal-Ekur
Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur	1133 BC
Mutakkil-nusku	1133 BC
Ashur-resh-ishi I	1133 – 1115 BC
Tiglath-Pileser I	1115 – 1076 BC
Asharid-apal-Ekur	1076 – 1074 BC
Ashur-bel-kala	1074 – 1056 BC
Eriba-Adad II	1056 – 1054 BC
Shamshi-Adad IV	1054 – 1050 BC
Ashur-nasir-pal I	1050 – 1031 BC
Shalmaneser II	1031 – 1019 BC
Ashur-nirari IV	1019 – 1013 BC
Ashur-rabi II	1013 – 972 BC
Ashur-resh-ishi II	972 – 967 BC
Tiglath-Pileser II	967 – 935 BC
Ashur-Dan II	935 – 912 BC

Babylon

Dynasties V to X of Babylon (post-Kassite):

Ruler	Reign	Notes
Simbar-šipak	1025 BC - 1008 BC	Dynasty V - Second Sealand Dynasty
Ea-mukin-šumi	1008 BC
Kaššu-nadin	1008 BC - 1004 BC
Eulma-šakin-šumi	1004 BC - 987 BC	Dynasty VI
Ninurta-kudurri-usur	987 BC - 985 BC
Širiqti-šuqamunu	985 BC
Mar-biti-apla-usur	985 BC - 979 BC	Dynasty VII
Nabu-mukin-apli	979 BC - 943 BC	Dynasty VIII
Ninurta-kudurri-usur	943 BC	Dynasty IX
Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina	943 BC - 920 BC
Šamaš-mudammiq	920 BC - 900 BC
Nabu-šuma-ukin	900 BC - 888 BC
Nabu-apla-iddina	880 BC - 855 BC
Marduk-zakir-šumi I	855 BC - 819 BC
Marduk-balassu-iqbi	819 BC - 813 BC
Baba-aha-iddina	813 BC - 811 BC
5 kings	811 BC - 800 BC
Ninurta-apla-X	800 BC - 790 BC
Marduk-bel-zeri	790 BC - 780 BC
Marduk-apla-usur	780 BC - 769 BC
Eriba-Marduk	769 BC - 761 BC
Nabu-šuma-iškun	761 BC - 748 BC
Nabonassar (Nabu-nasir)	748 BC - 734 BC
Nabu-nadin-zeri	734 BC - 732 BC
Nabu-šuma-ukin II	732 BC

Neo-Assyrian Empire

The Assyrian empire rises to become the dominant power in the ancient Near East for over two centuries. This occurs despite the efforts of various other strong groups that existed in this period, including Babylon, Urartu, Damascus, Elam, and Egypt. ^{[42] [43] [44]}

Ruler	Reign	Notes
Adad-nirari II	912 BC – 891 BC
Tukulti-Ninurta II	890 BC – 884 BC	Son of Adad-nirari II
Assur-nasir-pal II	883 BC – 859 BC	Son of Tukulti-Ninurta II
Shalmaneser III	858 BC – 824 BC	Battle of Qarqar
Shamshi-Adad V	823 BC – 811 BC	Treaty with Marduk-zakir-sumi I of Babylon
Adad-nirari III	810 BC – 783 BC	Regent Shammu-ramat
Shalmaneser IV	782 BC – 773 BC	Son of Adad-nirari III
Ashur-Dan III	772 BC – 755 BC	Eclipse on June 15 763 BC
Ashur-nirari V	754 BC – 745 BC
Tiglath-Pileser III	744 BC – 727 BC	Contemporary of Nabonassar of Babylon
Shalmaneser V	726 BC – 722 BC	Contemporary of Rusas I of Urartu
Sargon II	721 BC – 705 BC	Contemporary of Marduk-apla-iddina II of Babylon
Sennacherib	704 BC – 681 BC	Contemporary of Shutruk-Nahhunte II of Elam
Esarhaddon	680 BC – 669 BC	Contemporary of Pharaoh Taharqa of Egypt
Assurbanipal	668 BC – 631 BC

Classical Antiquity

For times after Assurbanipal (died 627 BC), see:

• Median Empire (728 – 549 BC), see List of Kings of the Medes
• Neo-Babylonian Empire (626 – 539 BC)
• Achaemenid Empire (550 – 330 BC)

The Hellenistic period begins with the conquests of Alexander the Great in 330 BC.

[edit] Notes

[edit] See also

• Timeline of the Middle East
• Chronology of the ancient Near East

[edit] References

• Chronology at the Crossroads: The Late Bronze Age in Western Asia, Bernard Newgrosh, Troubador Publishing, 2007, ISBN 1906221626
• The Kingdom of the Hittites. (New Edition), Trevor Bryce, Oxford University Press, 2005, ISBN 0199281327
• A History of the Ancient Near East ca. 3000 – 323 BC, Marc Van De Mieroop, Wiley-Blackwell, 2006, ISBN 1405149116
• Mesopotamia: The Invention of the City, Gwendolyn Leick, Penguin, 2003, ISBN 0140265740
• H.Gasche, J.A.Armstrong, S.W.Cole and V.G.Gurzadyan, Dating the Fall of Babylon (1998).

[edit] External links

• Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative
• Chronicles at Livius.org
• Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature

v • d • e Timeline of the Ancient Near East