Map of Italy in 1494. Insert shows the Duchy of Milan ruled by the Visconti family and inherited by the Sforzas.

Sforza was a ruling family of Renaissance Italy, based in Milan.

[edit] History

The dynasty was founded by Muzio Attendolo, called Sforza (from sforzare, to exert or force, 1369-1424), a condottiero from Romagna serving the Angevin kings of Naples. He was the most successful dynast of the condottieri.

His son Francesco I Sforza ruled Milan for the first half of the Renaissance era, acquiring the title of Duke of Milan from the extinct Visconti family in 1447.

Rising from peasant origins, the Sforzas became condottieri and used this military position to become rulers in Milan. The family governed by force, ruse, and power politics. Under their rule the city-state flourished and expanded. Similar to the Medici in their use of personal power, the Sforzas differed in that they were warriors, not bankers.^[1]

The family also held the seigniory of Pesaro, starting from Muzio Attendolo's second son, Alessandro (1409-1473). The Sforza held Pesaro until 1519, with the death of Galeazzo. Muzio's third son, Bosio (1411-1476), founded the branch of Santa Fiora, who held the title of count of Cotignola; the Sforza ruled the small county of Santa Fiora in southern Tuscany until 1624. Members of this family also held important ecclesiastical and political position in the Papal States, and moved to Rome in 1674.

The Sforza would later join with the Borgia Family, through the arranged marriage of Lucrezia Borgia to Giovanni (the illegitimate son of Costanzo I of Pesaro[1]).

Ludovico Sforza (also known as Ludovico il Moro, famous also for taking Leonardo da Vinci at his service) was defeated in 1500 by the French army of Louis XII of France - see also Italian Wars.

After the French were driven out by Imperial Swiss troops Maximilian Sforza, son of Ludovico, became Duke of Milan, until the French returned under Francis I of France and imprisoned him.

[edit] Sforza rulers of Duchy of Milan

Coat of arms of the House of Sforza

• Francesco I 1450-1466
• Galeazzo Maria 1466-1476
• Gian Galeazzo 1476-1494
• Ludovico 1494-1499
• Ludovico (restored) 1500
• Massimiliano 1512-1515
• Francesco II 1521-1535

[edit] Sforza rulers of Pesaro and Gradara

• Alessandro
• Costanzo I
• Giovanni
• Costanzo II
• Galeazzo

[edit] Sforza family tree

 Giacomo (Muzio) Attendolo, nicknamed Sforza | +-Francesco I (1401-1466), married Bianca Maria Visconti, daughter of Filippo Maria, 1450-66 | | | +-Galeazzo Maria (1443–1476), 1466-76 | | | | | +-Caterina Sforza (1463-1509) | | | | | +-Bianca Maria (1472–1510), second wife of Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I | | | | | +-Gian Galeazzo(1469-1494), married Isabella of Naples, 1476-94 | |   | | |   +-Francesco (II), nominally duke under the regency of Ludovico Maria | |   | | |   +-Bona (1494-1557), second wife of king Sigismund I of Poland | | | +-Ascanio (1444-1505), Cardinal  | | | +-Ippolita Maria (1446-1484), married king of Alfonso II d'Aragon of Naples | | | +-Ludovico il Moro (the Moor) (1451–1508) 1494-1500 |   | |   +-Ercole Massimiliano (1493-1530), 1512–15 |   | |   +-Francesco II (III) Maria (), 1521–35 |   | |   +-Giovanni Paolo I (1497-1535), marquess of Caravaggio | +-Alessandro, first lord of Pesaro | | | +-Costanzo I |   | |   + Galeazzo, last Sforza ruler of Pesaro |   | |   +-Giovanni (1466-1510), first husband of Lucrezia Borgia |     | |     +-Costanzo II (Giovanni Maria) | +-Bosio (count of Cotignola, lord of Castell'Arquato) 

[edit] Other members

• Bianca Maria Sforza, Empress
• Bona Sforza, Queen of Poland, Duchess of Bari and Princess of Rossano
• Sisto Riario Sforza, Cardinal
• Caroline Shirley, Duchess Sforza Cesarini

[edit] In popular culture

• One of the cursed artifacts from Friday the 13th: The Series was the "Sforza Glove", attributed to the original family's possession.
• Thomas Harris's character Hannibal Lecter is a descendant of the House of Sforza.
• In the anime, manga and book series Trinity Blood, one of the Cardinals and Duchess of Milan is named Caterina Sforza.

[edit] See also

• List of rulers of Milan
• Italian Wars
• House of Visconti
• Pesaro
• Gradara

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• Rootsweb genealogy profile for Giovanni Sforza