Large section of the Servian Wall visible next to the railway station of Termini.

The arch of Gallienus, the ancient Porta Esquilina, was an opening in the Servian Wall. It was the starting point of the via Labicana and via Tiburtina.

Map of ancient Rome, with the Servian Wall and gates highlighted (click on the map to enlarge)

The Servian Wall (in Latin: Murus Servii Tullii) was a defensive barrier constructed around the city of Rome in the early 4th century BC. The wall was 3.6 m thick, 11 km long, and had more than a dozen gates.

The Servian Wall is named after the sixth Roman King, Servius Tullius. Although its outline may go back to the 6th century BC, the currently extant walls were probably built during the later Roman Republic, possibly as a way to prevent a repeat of the sack of Rome during Battle of the Allia by the Gauls of Brennus. Due to the ease with which the Gauls entered the city, it is conjectured that at some time previous to this, Rome had been forced by its Etruscan rulers to dismantle any significant prior defences.

The wall was built from large blocks of tuff (a metamorphic rock made from the ash let out of the vents in a volcano during an eruption) quarried from the Grotta Oscura quarry near Rome's early rival Veii. In addition to the blocks, some sections of the structure incorporated a deep fossa, or ditch in front of it, as a means to effectively heighten the wall during attack from invaders. Along part of its topographically weaker northern perimeter was an agger, a defensive ramp of earth heaped up to the wall along the inside. This thickened the wall, and also gave defenders a base to stand while repelling any attack. The wall was also outfitted with defensive war engines, including catapults.

The Servian Wall was formidable enough to repel Hannibal during the Second Punic War. Hannibal famously invaded Italy across the Alps with elephants, and had crushed several Roman armies in the early stages of the war. However, the walls were never put to the test as Hannibal only once, in 211 BC, brought his Carthaginian army to Rome as part of a feint to draw the Roman army from Capua. When it was clear that this had failed he turned away.

The wall was still maintained in the end of the Republic and the early Empire. By this time, Rome had already begun to grow outside the original Servian walls. The organization of Rome into regions under Augustus placed regions II, III, IV, VI, VIII, X, XI within the Servian Wall, with the other sections outside of it.

The walls became unnecessary as Rome became well protected by the ever expanding military strength of the Republic and of the later Empire. As the city continued to grow and prosper, it was essentially unwalled for the first three centuries of the Empire. However, when the city came under attack from barbarian tribes in the 3rd century, Emperor Aurelian was forced to build the larger Aurelian Walls to protect Rome.

Sections of the Servian Wall are still visible in various locations around Rome. The largest section is preserved just outside Termini Station, the main railway station in Rome (including a small piece in a McDonald's dining area at the station). Another notable section on the Aventine incorporates an arch for a defensive catapult from the late Republic.

[edit] Gates in the Servian Wall

The following lists the gates that are believed to have been built, clockwise from the westernmost. (Many of these are inferred only from writings, with no other known remains.)

• Porta Flumentana – this gate was where the via Aurelia entered Rome after crossing the Tiber River.
• Porta Carmentalis – the western end of the Capitoline.
• Porta Fontinalis – led from the northern end of the Capitoline into the Campus Martius along the via Lata.
• Porta Sanqualis – on the Quirinal.
• Porta Salutaris – on the Quirinal.
• Porta Quirinalis – on the Quirinal.
• Porta Collina – the northernmost gate, on the Quirinal, leading to the via Salaria. Hannibal camped his army within sight of this gate when he considered besieging Rome in 211 BC. This section was fortified additionally with the agger.
• Porta Viminalis – on the Viminal. This is near the large section still visible outside Termini Station.
• Porta Esquilina – this gate on the Esquiline is still visible, and incorporates the later arch of the emperor Gallienus. It led to the via Labicana, via Praenestina and via Tiburtina.
• Porta Querquetulana – this led to the via Tusculana.
• Porta Caelimontana – this gate is preserved in the arch of Dolabella and Silanus, reconstructed by the consuls of 10 BC.
• Porta Capena – this was the gate through which the via Appia left Rome to southern Italy after separating from the via Latina.
• Porta Naevia – this gate on the Aventine led to the via Ardeatina.
• Porta Raudusculana – headed south along the Tiber River along the via Ostiensis. Near here, on the modern viale Aventino, may be found a section of the wall incorporating an arch for a catapult.
• Porta Lavernalis – also joined up with the via Ostiensis.
• Porta Trigemina – this triple gate near the Forum Boarium also led to the via Ostiensis.

[edit] References

• Coarelli, Filippo, Guida Archeologica di Roma, Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, Milano, 1989.

[edit] External links

• Servian Wall entry on the Lacus Curtius website
• Lacus Curtius page including gates in the Servian Wall

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Servian Wall