Explorer Roald Amundsen crossed the North Pole in the semi-rigid airship Norge in 1926.

Semi-rigid airships are airships with a partial framework. These often consist of a rigid, or occasionally, flexible, keel frame along the long axis under the aerodynamic hull envelope. The partial framework can also be located inside the hull. Semi-rigids were built in quantity from the late 19th century but since the 1930s they fell out of favour until the development of the Zeppelin NT

[edit] Principle

More or less integrally attached to the hull are the gondola, engines and sometimes the empennage. The framework has the task of distributing the suspension loads of these attachments and the lifting gas loads evenly throughout the whole hull's surface and may also partially relieve stresses on the hull during manoeuvres. In early airships which relied on nets, fabric bands, or complicated systems of rope rigging to unite the lifting envelope with the other parts of the ship, semi-rigid construction was able to achieve improvements in weight, aerodynamic, and structural performance. The boundary between semi-rigid and non-rigid airships is vague. Especially with small types, it is unclear whether the structure is merely an extended gondola or a proper structural keel.

As in non-rigid airships, the hull's aerodynamic shape is maintained by an overpressure of the gas inside and light framework at the nose and tail. Changes in volume of the lifting gas is balanced using ballonets (air filled bags). Ballonets also may serve to provide pitch control. For small types the lifting gas is sometimes held in the hull itself, while larger types tend to use separate gas cells which mitigates the consequences of a single gas cell failure and helps reduce the amount of overpressure needed.

[edit] History

In the first decade of the twentieth century, semi-rigid airships were considered more suitable for military use because, unlike rigid airships, they could be deflated, stored and transported by land or by sea.^[1] Non-rigid airships had a limited lifting capacity due to the strength limitations of the envelope and rigging materials then in use.

An early successful example is the Groß-Basenach design made by Major Hans Groß from the Luftschiffer-Bataillon Nr. 1 in Berlin, the experimental first ship flying in 1907. It had a rigid keel under the envelope. Four more military airships of this design were built, and often rebuilt, designated M I to M IV, up to 1914.^[2]

The most advanced construction of semi-rigid airships between the two world wars took place in Italy. There, the state-factory Stabilimento di Costruzioni Aeronautiche (SCA) constructed several. Umberto Nobile, later General and director, was its most well-known member, and he designed and flew several semi-rigid airships, including the Norge and Italia, for his overflights of the North Pole, and the W6 OSOAVIAKhIM, for the Soviet Union's airship program.

Nobile's company designed or built the following airships:

• T 34 Roma, 33,810 m³, sold to the US, successfully crossed Atlantic and later destroyed after collison with high tension wires
• N 1 Norge, 19,000 m³, reached the North Pole in 1926
• N 2 a 7000 m³-airship built in hangars at Augusta (Italy)
• N 3 Sold to Japan as naval Airship No. 6, first flight on 1927-04-06. It was lost in 1927 after encountering a typhoon in the Pacific.
• N 4 Italia Flew to Svarlbard for Arctic expedition 1928, crashed after third polar flight on return from North Pole
• N 5 was a project for a 55,000 cubic metre keel airship, many times interrupted, eventually abandoned 1928

[edit] List of other Semi-rigid airships

Pre-War and WWI

• "Pax" from Severo in France in 1902, caught fire at its first ascent
• Le Jaune - first flight: 1902-11-13, French 12/31/1904;The Lebaudy Airship, "Le Jaune," Ascending From the Meadows of Moisson,' France

• Forlanini F.1 Leonardo da Vinci, Italy, 3265 m³, 40 PS, first ascent: 1909; 1910-02-01 damaged beyond repair
• The Groß-Basenach-type airship (5 built for the Prussian army)
• The Luftschiff von Veeh, (also Veeh 1 or Stahlluftschiff) built by Albert Paul Veeh from Apolda in Düsseldorf in the 1910s
• Siemens-Schuckert I (1911)
• M.1, Italian, first flight 1912, 83 metre long, 17 metre diameter, 2x 250 PS Fiat SA.76-4 engines each with one airscrew, payload: 3800 kg, first with the Army then the Navy, 164 flights, decommissioned 1924
• M.2, Città di Ferrara, Italian, first flight 1913, hull identical to the M.1, 83 metre long, 17 metre diameter, 4×125 PS driving two airscrews, payload 3000 kg, speed: 85 km/h, a Navy airship, stationed in Jesi, on 1915-06-08 shot down by an Austrian flying boat
• Forlanini F.2 Città del Milano, Italy, 11,500 m³, 2×85 PS, first flight: 1913-04-09, destroyed 1914-04-09 at Como
• SR.1 (M-class) built by Italy for England 1918, 12,500 m³, 83 m long, 17 m Diameter, 9 man crew, internal keel of triangular steel components

1920's and 1930's

• Parseval airships designed by August von Parseval in the 1920s:
  • PL 26 and PL 27
  • Parseval-Naatz
• Zodiac V10 was built 1930 for the French Navy
• O-1 (airship) built by SCDA, Italy, and the only true semi-rigid airship to serve with United States Navy.
• RS-1 was the only semi-rigid American military airship (used by the United States Army) built in the USA. Manufacturer: Goodyear, maiden flight: 1926.
• Raab-Katzenstein 27 - maiden flight: 1929-05-04
• Nobile-designed airships of the Russian airship program, such as the Soviet SSSR-V6 OSOAVIAKhIM (1934-1938)

[edit] Current Developments

As of 2008^[update] the only flying manned semi-rigid airship is the Zeppelin NT. It comprises a single gas cell kept at a slight over-pressure, ballonets to maintain constant volume, and a triangular keel structure internal to the cell.

CL160 "Cargolifter" was an unrealised design of the now liquidated German Cargolifter AG (1996-2003).^[3] Cargolifter Joey was a small semi-rigid experimental airship produced to test the design^[3]

[edit] See also

• Airship hangar
• Rigid airship
• Non-rigid airship
• Forlanini airships

[edit] External links

• Images of a Flight Simulator model of Nobile's N5

[edit] Notes