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Secret society is a term used to describe a variety of organizations. Although the exact meaning of the term is disputed, several of the definitions advanced indicate a degree of secrecy and secret knowledge, which might include denying membership or knowledge of the group, negative consequences for acknowledging one's membership, strong ties between members of the organization, and rites or rituals which outsiders are not permitted to observe.

Contents 1 Definition 1.1 Oath taking 1.2 Politics 1.3 Colleges and universities 2 Groups disputed as "secret societies" 3 See also 4 References 4.1 Bibliography 5 External links

[edit] Definition

Several definitions for the term have been put forward. The term "secret society" is used to describe fraternal organizations that may have secret ceremonies, ranging from the common and innocuous (collegiate fraternities) to mythical organizations described in conspiracy theories as immensely powerful, with self-serving financial or political agendas, global reach, and often Luciferian beliefs.^{[citation needed]}

A purported "family tree of secret societies" has been proposed, although it may not be comprehensive.^[1]

Application of the term is often hotly disputed, as it can be seen as pejorative.^{[citation needed]}

Therefore, the criteria that can be adopted as a definition for the term are important for which organizations any one definition would include or exclude.^{[citation needed]}

Alan Axelrod, author of the International Encyclopedia of Secret Societies and Fraternal Orders, defines a secret society as an organization that:

• is exclusive
• claims to own special secrets
• shows a strong inclination to favor its own

David V. Barrett, author of Secret Societies: From the Ancient and Arcane to the Modern and Clandestine, uses slightly different terms to define what does and does not qualify as a secret society. He defines it as any group that possesses the following characteristics:

• It has "carefully graded and progressed teachings"
• Teachings are "available only to selected individuals"
• Teachings lead to "hidden (and 'unique') truths"
• Truths bring "personal benefits beyond the reach and even the understanding of the uninitiated."

Barrett goes on to say that "a further characteristic common to most of them is the practice of rituals which non-members are not permitted to observe, or even to know the existence of." Barrett's definition would rule out many organizations called secret societies; graded teaching are not part of the American college fraternities, the Carbonari, or the Know Nothings.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Oath taking

Many societies require members to take an oath at membership. Parts of an oath can include a promise to support the organization, to keep its secrets, or to conceal or deny their membership in the organization. Sometimes such oaths can include penalties (ranging from the purely symbolic to the very real) for not living up to the oath.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Politics

Since some secret societies have political aims, they are illegal in several countries. Poland, for example, has included a ban of secret political parties and political organizations in its constitution.^[2] Not all secret societies are perceived as a threat by the existing political establishment.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Colleges and universities

Many student societies established on university campuses in the United States have been considered secret societies. Perhaps one of the most famous secret college societies is the Skull and Bones at Yale. Secret societies are disallowed in a few colleges. Virginia Military Institute has rules that no cadet may join a secret society^[3], and secret societies have been banned at Princeton University since the beginning of the 20th century. British Universities, too, have a long history of secret societies in universities with a focus on aristocracy or privilege such as the Bullingdon Club at Oxford University, The Pitt Club at Cambridge University, and the Kate Kennedy Club at the University of St Andrews.

[edit] Groups disputed as "secret societies"

This article contains weasel words, vague phrasing that often accompanies biased or unverifiable information. Such statements should be clarified or removed. (July 2009)

The term "secret societies" could include criminal organizations, such as the Triad, Yakuza or the Cosa Nostra organizations.^{[citation needed]}

The United States of America's National Security Agency has been described as a secret society since its very existence was, for many years, a secret. People (such as James Bamford, in The Puzzle Palace, 1982) used to say that the letters NSA stood for "No Such Agency" or "Never Say Anything"; and, in the early 1990s, the CIA had a website but the NSA did not. This has changed: the NSA has had a website for several years, and its activities are debated in Congress and the press. Its budget is still classified, but it officially exists. Its activities are authorized and are paid for, although the details of those activities, which may include the dissemination of information, are secrets.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] See also

• African traditional religion
• Aurora Society
• Collegiate secret societies in North America
• New World Order (film)
• Secret societies in popular culture
• Secret combination (Latter Day Saints)

[edit] References

This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations where appropriate. (April 2009)

[edit] Bibliography

• Heckethorn, Charles William (1997). The Secret Societies of All Ages and Countries, Embracing the Mysteries of Ancient India, China, Japan, Egypt, Mexico, Peru, Greece, and Scandinavia, the Cabbalists, Early Christians, Heretics, Assassins, Thugs, Templars, the Vehm and Inquisition, Mystics, Rosicrucians, Illuminati, Freemasons, Skopzi, Camorristi, Carbonari, Nihilists, and Other Sects. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 1-56459-296-0. 
• Whalen, William Joseph (1966). Handbook of Secret Organizations. Milwaukee: Bruce Pub. Co. LCCN 66-026658. 
• Axelrod, Alan (1997). The International Encyclopedia of Secret Societies and Fraternal Orders. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 0-8160-2307-7. 
• Roberts, J. M. (John Morris) (1972). The Mythology of the Secret Societies. New York: Scribner. ISBN 0-684-12904-3. 
• Robbins, Alexandra (2004). Pledged: The Secret Life of Sororities. New York: Hyperion. ISBN 0-7868-8859-8. 
• Stevens, Albert Clark (1907). The Cyclopædia of Fraternities (2nd ed.). New York: E.B. Treat and Company. 

[edit] External links

• Secret Societies: a very short history — Documents and illustrations of Freemasons, Jesuits, Illuminati, Carbonari, Burschenschaften and other putative secret societies and clandestine organizations
• Stevens, The cyclopædia of fraternities (2nd ed.). A comprehensive, though dated, review of the subject.