Map of the Roman empire and barbarian Europe in AD 125. The map shows two possible locations of the Fenni, based on possible readings of Tacitus (Livonia) and Ptolemy (upper Vistula river). Another location given by Ptolemy, in northern Scandinavia, is not shown as the map does not cover that region

The Fenni were an ancient hunter-gatherer people described by Cornelius Tacitus in Germania in 97 A.D.

[edit] Ancient accounts

The Fenni are first mentioned by Cornelius Tacitus in Germania in 97 A.D. Their location is uncertain, due to the vagueness of Tacitus' account:"they (Venedi) overrun in their predatory excursions all the woody and mountainous tracts between the Peucini and the Fenni".^[1][2] The Greco-Roman geographer Ptolemy, who produced his Geographia in ca. 150 AD, mentions a people called the Phinnoi, generally believed to be synonymous with the Fenni. He locates them in two different areas: a northern group in northern Scandia (Scandinavia), then believed to be an island; and a southern group, apparently dwelling to the East of the upper Vistula river (SE Poland).^[3] It is unclear whether the two groups were related, despite their identical name.

The next ancient mention of the Fenni/Finni is in the Getica of 6th-century chronicler Jordanes. In his description of the island of Scandza (Scandinavia), he mentions three groups with names similar to Ptolemy's Phinnoi, the Screrefennae, Finnaithae and mitissimi Finni ("softest Finns").^[4] The Screrefennae are believed to mean the "skiing Finns" and are generally identified with Ptolemy's northern Phinnoi and today's Sami,^[5] as there is evidence of Sami skis from 2000 BC onwards.^[6] The Finnaithae have been identified with the Finnveden of central Sweden. It is unclear who the Finni mitissimi were.

[edit] Ethno-linguistic affiliation

Tacitus was unsure whether to classify the Fenni as Germanic or Sarmatian.^[7] The vagueness of his account has left the identification of the Fenni open to a variety of theories. It has been suggested that the Romans may have used Fenni as a generic name, to denote the various non-Germanic (i.e. Balto-Slavic and Finno-Ugric) tribes of NE Europe.^[6] Against this argument is the fact that Tacitus distinguishes the Fenni from other probably non-Germanic peoples of the region, such as the Aestii and the Venedi.^[8]

It has also been suggested that Tacitus' Fenni could be the ancestors of the modern Finnish people.^[9][10] Juha Pentikäinen writes that Tacitus may well have been describing the Lapps or the proto Finns when referring to the Fenni, noting some archeologists have identified these people as indigenous to Scandinavia.^[11]

Another theory is that Tacitus' Fenni and Ptolemy's northern Phinnoi were the same people and constituted the original Sami (Lapp) people of northern Fennoscandia, making Tacitus' description the first historical record of them.^[12][13][14] But while this may seem a plausible identification for the Phinnoi of north Scandinavia, it is dubious for Tacitus' Fenni.^[15] Tacitus' Fenni (and Ptolemy's southern Phinnoi) were clearly based in continental Europe, not in the Scandinavian peninsula, and were thus outside the modern range of the Sami.^{[citation needed]} Against this, there is some archaeological evidence that the Sami range may have been wider in antiquity.^[6][16]

The uncertainties have led some scholars to conclude that Tacitus' Fenni is a meaningless label, impossible to ascribe to any particular region or ethnic group.^[17] But Tacitus appears to relate the Fenni geographically to the Peucini and the Venedi, albeit imprecisely, stating that the latter habitually raided the "forests and mountains" between the other two. He also gives a relatively detailed description of the Fenni's lifestyle.^[18]

[edit] Material culture

Fenni seems to have been a form of the proto-Germanic word finne, denoting "wanderers" or "hunting folk".^[19] Tacitus describes the Fenni as follows:^[20]

"In wonderful savageness live the nation of the Fenni, and in beastly poverty, destitute of arms, of horses, and of homes; their food, the common herbs; their apparel, skins; their bed, the earth; their only hope in their arrows, which for want of iron they point with bones. Their common support they have from the chase, women as well as men; for with these the former wander up and down, and crave a portion of the prey. Nor other shelter have they even for their babes, against the violence of tempests and ravening beasts, than to cover them with the branches of trees twisted together; this a reception for the old men, and hither resort the young. Such a condition they judge more happy than the painful occupation of cultivating the ground, than the labour of rearing houses, than the agitations of hope and fear attending the defense of their own property or the seizing that of others. Secure against the designs of men, secure against the malignity of the Gods, they have accomplished a thing of infinite difficulty; that to them nothing remains even to be wished."

This description is of a lifestyle much more primitive than that of the medieval Sami, who were pastoralists living off herds of reindeer and inhabiting sophisticated tents of deer-hide. But the archaeological evidence suggests that the proto-Sami and Proto-Finns had a lifestyle more akin to Tacitus' description.^[11]

[edit] Citations

[edit] References

[edit] Ancient

• Jordanes Getica (ca. 550 AD)
• Ptolemy Geographia (ca. 150 AD)
• Tacitus Germania (ca. 100 AD)

[edit] Modern

• Anderson, J.G.D. (1958) Textual note to Tacitus' Germania
• Bosi, Roberto (1960): The Lapps
• Hansen, L.I. & Olsen, B. (2004): Samenes Historie fram til 1750
• Kinsten, Silje Bergum (2000): "The Northern Sami People" (The Norway Post, 19 August 2000)
• Pirinen, Kauko The settlement of Finland begins in Eino Jutikkala (ed.) A History of Finland (trans. Paul Sjoblom)
• Tägil, Sven (1995): Ethnicity and nation building in the Nordic world, ISBN 1850652392

[edit] See also

• Finnic
• Sitones
• Finningia
• Phinnoi