A safety or safety touch is a type of score in American football and Canadian football and is worth two points (with one very rare exception). In American football, it is the only means by which a team not in possession of the football can score points. A safety may occur in a variety of ways, most commonly when an opponent in possession of the football is tackled in his own end zone.

[edit] Safety scores

Among the ways the defensive (non-possessing) team may score a safety are:

• an opponent in possession of the ball is tackled in his own end zone;
• an opponent in possession of the ball steps out of play (i.e., across the side line or end line) from his own end zone;
• an opponent snaps, laterals, or fumbles the ball out of play in his own end zone;
• an opponent fumbles the ball in the field of play and the loose ball touches the pylon of his own end zone;
• an opponent downs (kneels or falls on) the ball in his own end zone (an intentional safety);
• the opposing team has a punt or kick blocked, and the ball then goes out of play in their own end zone;
• the opposing team commits certain penalties, such as intentional grounding or holding, in their own end zone.^[1]

Not all of these scenarios result automatically in a safety. If a player on the defense gains possession of the ball in his own end zone through a fumble recovery or interception and is tackled there, it is a touchback, not a safety. If he makes an interception outside of the end zone, his momentum carries him into the end zone and he is tackled there, his team gets the ball at the spot of the interception. However, if a player gains possession of the ball and retreats on his own initiative into his end zone where he is tackled, it is a safety for the opposing team. Similar rules apply on punts and kickoffs. If the receiver of a punt or kick receives the ball and does not enter the field of play, and is tackled in own endzone the result is instead a touchback.

Also, before the NFL changed its rules in the early 1970s to move the goalposts to the back of the end zone, an ‘automatic’ safety was scored against the offense if the ball in play (i.e., a pass, punt, or otherwise) touched the goalposts.

An official signals a safety by holding his hands above his head, palms touching.

A safety is by far the least common type of score in American football, because of the relative rarity of the circumstances that could produce a safety. No National Football League team has ever recorded more than four in one season. Safeties usually occur when the offense starts a play close to its own end zone. In such cases, offenses tend to run very conservative, low-risk plays to avoid a safety.

Intentional safeties are rare, but do happen, particularly in Canadian football. For a discussion of this strategy, see the "Elective safeties" section below.

[edit] Free kick

After a safety, the team that gave up the points kicks off to the other team from its own 20-yard line (in American football) or 25-yard line (in Canadian football.) This is termed a free kick: the kicking team has the option of employing a punt or a drop kick. Unlike the kickoff, a kicking tee may not be used (NFL only, college kickers have the option of using a tee on the safety kick). A punt is the most commonly chosen option, whereas a drop kick is virtually unheard-of in modern football.

[edit] Elective safeties

Occasionally, the team with the ball may concede a safety intentionally, as a game strategy, which implicitly explains the origin of the term "safety".^{[citation needed]}

The elective safety is not uncommon in Canadian football when a team faces a third-down situation deep in their own territory. A punt from the end zone would give the receiving team much better field position than a kickoff from the 25-yard line would.

The elective safety is not seen often in American (four-down) football, since the ensuing free kick would come from just the 20-yard line. However, it is occasionally employed by teams who are willing to trade two points on the scoreboard for a perceived greater advantage in field position or clock time, or by teams who are unwilling to risk a mishap that could be converted by the opposing team into a much more significant touchdown.

Another reason to take an elective safety can be to deny the opposing team the option of a fair catch kick. Because a fair catch can only be called if the ball has not touched the ground, and punt is usually the only situation in which this can happen. Therefore, a team leading by three points at the end of a game could elect to take a safety so that they could squib kick the ball, preventing the fair-catch and free kick that follows it.

A notable example of a team conceding an intentional safety for field position occurred in a Monday Night Football game on Monday, November 3, 2003. Trailing the Denver Broncos by one point with about three minutes remaining in the fourth quarter, and facing fourth-and-long from their own 1-yard line, the New England Patriots elected to have long snapper Lonie Paxton intentionally snap the ball against the goalpost, rather than attempt a dangerous punt. Now trailing by three, the Patriots' ensuing free kick traveled all the way to the Broncos' 15. The Patriots defense forced a punt, and their offense subsequently drove down the field for the winning touchdown with 30 seconds left.^[2]

An example of a team trading an elective safety for a clock time advantage arose in college football's Backyard Brawl on December 1, 2007. Leading the West Virginia Mountaineers 13-7 with nine seconds remaining, the Pittsburgh Panthers faced a fourth down at their own 15. The Pittsburgh punter received the snap at the goal line and, instead of punting, scrambled in his end zone until the remaining time expired. He then stepped over the end line to concede two points, making the final score 13-9. West Virginia was thus denied the opportunity to gain possession of the ball to possibly score a winning touchdown. ^[3]

Another example of a team trading an elective safety for field position, this time in college, happened in 2004, when Iowa defeated Penn State 6-4, because of Iowa's two field goals and Penn State's two safeties, it was the only time in the modern era where that score had happened. The only other time that score occurred was when Princeton played Rutgers in 1869 (Rutgers won 6 "runs" to 4). The second safety occurred when Iowa faced a fourth down from inches from its own end zone and rather than risk a blocked punt, which Penn State had already done a few times that day, which would probably have led to a touchdown, they decided to take a safety and "free kick" to Penn State from the 20. This allowed Iowa to hold off Penn State's offense for the remainder of the game.

An elective safety may also arise from a loose ball in or near one's own end zone, usually the result of a fumble or a blocked punt. A player may choose to kick or bat the ball out of his end zone intentionally, conceding two points but preventing the opponents from the opportunity to recover the ball for a touchdown. Buffalo Bills punter Brian Moorman employed this strategy in an NFL game against the host Cleveland Browns on December 16, 2007, played in a fierce blizzard, after a bad snap from center sailed over his head. ^[4]

The New Orleans Saints conceded an elective safety in the last seconds of the second NFL Wembley stadium game on 26 October 2008 in order to kill time as they held a seven-point lead and won the game 37-32. ^[5]

Virginia Tech conceded an elective safety in the 2008 ACC Championship Game against Boston College. With 2:58 left in the game and Virginia Tech ahead 30 to 10, VT player Brent Bowden ran out of bounds in his team's own end zone, scoring a two-point safety for Boston College. This was considered a "safe" move against a strong BC defense, capable of blocking the punt, scoring a touchdown, and setting them up for a second touch down following a probable onside kick. Instead, VT punted from its 20 yard line and prevented BC from scoring for the remainder of the game—which ended with a final score of 30 to 12.^[6]

[edit] Safeties on PAT/conversion tries

While safeties are generally worth two points, they are worth one when they occur during a point-after attempt.

College football rules allow either team to score a one-point safety after a touchdown. Say that Team B blocks Team A's extra-point attempt, and a player on Team B picks up the ball on the 1-yard line. Looking for an opening, the player with the ball runs backwards voluntarily into his end zone, where he is tackled. Team A receives one point for the conversion safety, and the score is now 7–0. Team A then kicks off from its own 30-yard line, as after any touchdown. A conversion safety has occurred at least once in the NCAA, in a game between Texas and Texas A&M in 2004. Following the Longhorns TD from a blocked punt, the ensuing PAT was blocked and recovered by a Texas A&M player on the one yard line. The player tried to make a return, but was tackled in his own endzone for a one point safety.

Although exceedingly unlikely, college football's rules also allow the defensive team to score a one-point conversion safety on a PAT or conversion try. One possible scenario: Team B blocks Team A's extra-point attempt, and a player on Team B picks up the loose ball and runs towards the opposite end zone. Before reaching the goal line, he fumbles the ball and it is recovered by a player from Team A, who then voluntarily runs into his own (Team A's) end zone and is tackled. Team B would score one point for the conversion safety and the score would then be 6–1. No team has ever scored a defensive conversion safety in a college football game. However, the rule is notable as being one of just two ways a team may finish a game with a score of exactly one point in American football. The second way is a forfeit in American college or high school football. For example, when Team A forfeits, the final score is 1–0 for Team B.^[7]

The NFL also has a one-point "conversion safety" rule, but such a safety can only be scored by the offense. According to former NFL referee Jerry Markbreit:

Under NFL rules, an unsuccessful extra-point is dead if kicked, but while attempting a two-point try, it is possible for a safety to be ruled if the defensive team forces the ball back into their own end zone and they recover. One point would be awarded [to the offense], instead of the two points that are normally awarded for safeties. Although the offense would still kick off, since they just scored a touchdown.^[8]

This scenario would cover a situation where, for example, an offensive player fumbles the ball short of the goal line on a 2-point try, a defensive player knocks the loose ball into the end zone, and a co-defender falls on it to prevent an offensive player from retrieving it for a two-point conversion. The offense would receive one point for the conversion safety, and then they would kick off as they normally would after a touchdown.

[edit] Records

The NFL team record for safeties in a game is three, by the Los Angeles Rams against the New York Giants on September 30, 1984.^[9] The individual record is two, by the Rams' Fred Dryer against the Green Bay Packers on October 21, 1973.^[9] Ted Hendricks and Doug English share the NFL career record for safeties with four. ^[9]

Only two regular-season NFL games have ever ended in overtime with a safety: in 1989 when the Minnesota Vikings defeated the Los Angeles Rams 23–21 when Mike Merriweather blocked a punt into the end zone, and in 2004 when the Chicago Bears defeated the Tennessee Titans 19–17 when Billy Volek fumbled in his own end zone and a teammate recovered it but was unable to get out of the end zone. A 1989 pre-season game also ended in an overtime safety.

The National Collegiate Athletic Association does not keep individual statistics for safeties. Three Division I-A teams have scored three safeties in a game: Arizona State in 1996; North Texas in 2003; and Bowling Green in 2005. In Division I-AA, the University of Massachusetts in 2007 scored only six points in a game, from three safeties against Rhode Island. UMass had also scored three safeties in a game against Albany in 2005, a Division I-AA record. In 2004, when Iowa defeated Penn State 6–4, because of Iowa's two field goals and Penn State's two safeties, it was the only time in the modern era where that score had happened. The only other time that score occurred was when Princeton played Rutgers in 1869 (Rutgers won six "runs" to four).

[edit] See also

• American football rules
• Field goal

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• NFL Record & Fact Book
• Yahoo! Sports box score of Miami U.-BGSU game with three safeties
• Box Score of Arizona State-Nebraska game with three safeties