Safe sex Information & Safe sex Links at HealthHaven.com

Poster for AIDS education campaign in Laos

Safe sex is defined as "Sexual activity engaged in by people who have taken precautions to protect themselves against sexually transmitted diseases such as AIDS." ^[1] This is also referred to as safer sex, or protected sex, while unsafe sex or unprotected sex is sexual activity engaged in by people who have not taken precautions to protect themselves against sexually transmitted infections. Some sources suggest the use of safer sex is preferable to safe sex, as this reflects that risk is reduced, not avoided.^[2]

Safe sex practices became more prominent in the late 1980s as a result of the AIDS epidemic. Promoting safe sex is now a principal aim of sex education. From the viewpoint of society, safe sex can be regarded as a harm reduction strategy aimed at reducing risks.

The risk reduction of safe sex is not absolute; for example the reduced risk to the receptive partner of acquiring HIV from HIV seropositive partners not wearing condoms to compared to when they wear them is estimated to be about a four- to five-fold.^[3]

Although some safe sex practices can be used as contraception, most forms of contraception don't protect against all or any STIs; likewise, some safe sex practices, like partner selection and low risk sex behavior, aren't effective forms of contraception.

[edit] Terminology

Recently, and mainly within Canada and the United States, the use of the term safer sex rather than safe sex has gained greater use by health workers, with the realization the grounds that risk of transmission of sexually transmitted infections in various sexual activities is a continuum rather than a simple dichotomy between risky and safe. However, in most other countries, including the United Kingdom and Australia, the term safe sex is still mostly used by sex educators.

[edit] Focus on condoms and HIV control

Much attention has focused on controlling HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, through the use of barrier protection for the penis, especially condoms. However, the HIV is a delicate virus, so protections focused on HIV may not protect against other STIs, which can also be transmitted through other areas of the body where the pathogen (virus or bacteria) has higher prevalence and resistance. Thus some sex educators recommend the use of barrier protection for any sexual contact with anal or vaginal cavities, or oral stimulation of those cavities or penis.

[edit] Safe sex precautions

Shunga print by Kunisada depicting masturbation

[edit] Avoiding physical contact

Known as autoeroticism, solitary sexual activity is relatively safe. Masturbation, the simple act of stimulating one's own genitalia, is safe so long as contact is not made with other people's discharged bodily fluids. Some activities, such as "phone sex" and "cybersex", that allow for partners to engage in sexual activity without being in the same room, eliminating the risks involved with exchanging bodily fluids.^[4]

[edit] Non-penetrative sex

watercolor of manual stimulation of the penis, Johann Nepomuk Geiger, 1840.

Main article: Non-penetrative sex

A range of sex acts, sometimes called "outercourse", can be enjoyed with significantly reduced risks of infection and pregnancy. U.S. President Bill Clinton's surgeon general, Dr. Joycelyn Elders, tried to encourage the use of these practices among young people, but her position encountered opposition from a number of outlets, including the White House itself, and resulted in her being fired by President Clinton in December 1994.^[5]^[6]^[7]

[edit] Barrier protection

Various protective devices are used to avoid contact with blood, vaginal fluid, semen or other contaminant agents (like skin, hair and shared objects) during sexual activity. Practice of sexual activity using this devices is called protected sex.

Condom machine

Condoms cover the penis during sexual activity. They are most frequently made of latex, but can also be made out of polyurethane. Polyurethane is thought to be a safe material for use in condoms, since it is nonporous and viruses cannot pass through it. However, there is less research on its effectiveness than there is on latex.
Female condoms are inserted into the vagina prior to intercourse. They may also be used for anal sex, although they are less effective.^{[citation needed]}
A dental dam (originally used in dentistry) is a sheet of latex used for protection when engaging in oral sex. It is typically used as a barrier between the mouth and the vulva during cunnilingus or between the mouth and the anus during anilingus.
Medical gloves made out of latex, vinyl, nitrile, or polyurethane may be used as an makeshift dental dam during oral sex, or to protect the hands during sexual stimulation, like in masturbation. Hands may have invisible cuts on them that may admit pathogens or, more usually, serve as vehicle for contamination of other body part or partner.
Another way to protect against pathogen transmission is the use of protected or properly cleaned dildos or other sex toys. If a sex toy is to be used in more than one orifice or partner, a condom can be used over it and changed when the toy is moved.

When latex barriers are used, oil-based lubrication can break down the structure of the latex and remove the protection it provides.

Condoms (male or female) are used to protect against STIs, and used with other forms of contraception to improve contraceptive effectiveness. For example, simultaneously using both the male condom and spermicide (applied separately, not pre-lubricated) is believed to reduce perfect-use pregnancy rates to those seen among implant users.^[8] However, if two condoms are used simultaneously (male condom on top of male condom, or male condom inside female condom), this increases the chance of condom failure.^[9]^[10]

Proper use of barriers, such as condoms, depends on the cleanness of surfaces of the barrier, handling can pass contamination to and from surfaces the barrier unless care is taken.

[edit] Other precautions

Acknowledging that it is usually impossible to have entirely risk-free sex with another person, proponents of safe sex recommend that some of the following methods be used to minimize the risks of STI transmission and unwanted pregnancy.

Immunization against various viral infections that can be transmitted sexually. The most common vaccines are HPV vaccine, which protects against the most common types of human papillomavirus that cause cervical cancer, and the Hepatitis B vaccine. Immunization before initiation of sexual activity increases effectiveness.
Male Circumcision and HIV : Some recent research, and advice from the World Health Organisation (WHO), has suggested that circumcision of males can be useful in preventing the spread of HIV infection in some countries. Male circumcision is acknowledged by the WHO as a preventative measure against HIV transmission from women to men. African studies have found that circumcision can reduce the rate of transmission of HIV to men by up to 60%.^[11] Some advocacy groups dispute these findings.^[12]^[13] However, at least in sub-Saharan Africa, condom use is estimated to be much more cost effective.^[14]

Periodic STI testing has been used to reduce STIs in Cuba and among pornographic film actors. Cuba implemented a program of mandatory testing and quarantine early in the AIDS epidemic.^[15] In the US pornographic film industry in the US, many production companies will not hire actors without tests for Chlamydia, HIV and Gonorrhea that are no more than 30 days old-and tests for other STIs no more than 6 months old. AIM Medical foundation claims that program of testing has reduced the incidence of sexually transmitted infection to 20% of that of the general population.
Soap and water can reduce infectivity of HIV on devices, such as barrier contraceptives.^[16] Douching with soap and water has not been studied and it is thought that by disrupting the vaginal flora it might increase risk of infection.^[16]
Monogamy or polyfidelity, practiced faithfully, is very safe (as far as STIs are concerned) when all partners are non-infected. However, many monogamous people have been infected with sexually transmitted diseases by partners who are sexually unfaithful, have used injection drugs, or were infected by previous sexual partners; the same risks apply to polyfidelitous people, who face higher risks depending on how many people are in the polyfidelitous group.
For those who are not monogamous, reducing the number of one's sexual partners, particularly anonymous sexual partners, may also reduce one's potential exposure to STIs. Similarly, one may restrict one's sexual contact to a community of trusted individuals - this is the approach taken by some pornographic actors and other non-monogamous people.
When selecting a sexual parter, some characteristics can increase the risks for contracting sexually transmitted diseases.^[17] These include:- an age discordance of more than five years;^[17] having an STI in the past year;^[17] problems with alcohol;^[17] having had sex with other people in the past year^[17]
Communication with one's sexual partner(s) makes for greater safety. Before initiating sexual activities, partners may discuss what activities they will and will not engage in, and what precautions they will take. This can reduce the chance of risky decisions being made "in the heat of passion".
Refraining from the use of recreational drugs, including alcohol, before and during sexual activity can protect against associated risks such as lowered inhibitions, decreased immune response, impaired judgment, and loss of consciousness.
If a person is sexually active with a number of partners, regular sexual health check-ups from a doctor are a precaution taken, and on noticing unusual symptoms seeking prompt medical advice; HIV and other infectious agents can be either asymptomatic or involve nonspecific symptoms which on their own can be misdiagnosed.^[18]^[19]

[edit] Limitations

While the use of condoms can reduce transmission of HIV and other infectious agents, it does not do so completely. One study has suggested condoms might reduce HIV transmission by 85% to 95%; effectiveness beyond 95% was deemed unlikely because of slippage, breakage, and incorrect use.^[20] It also said, "In practice, inconsistent use may reduce the overall effectiveness of condoms to as low as 60–70%".^[20]^p. 40.

During each act of anal intercourse, the risk of the receptive partner acquiring HIV from HIV seropositive partners not using condoms is about 1 in 120. Among people using condoms, the receptive partner's risk declines to 1 in 550, a four- to five-fold reduction.^[3] Where the partner's HIV status is unknown, "Estimated per-contact risk of protected receptive anal intercourse with HIV-positive and unknown serostatus partners, including episodes in which condoms failed, was two thirds the risk of unprotected receptive anal intercourse with the comparable set of partners."^[3]^p. 310.

[edit] Ineffective methods

Most methods of contraception, except for certain forms of "outercourse" and the barrier methods, are not effective at preventing the spread of STIs. This includes the birth control pills, vasectomy, tubal ligation, periodic abstinence and all non-barrier methods of pregnancy prevention.

The spermicide Nonoxynol-9 has been claimed to reduce the likelihood of STI transmission. However a recent study by the World Health Organization ^[21] has shown that Nonoxynol-9 is an irritant and can produce tiny tears in mucous membranes, which may increase the risk of transmission by offering pathogens more easy points of entry into the system. Condoms with Nonoxynol-9 lubricant do not have enough spermicide to increase contraceptive effectiveness and are not to be promoted.^{[citation needed]}

Coitus interruptus (or "pulling out"), in which the penis is removed from the vagina, anus, or mouth before ejaculation, is not safe sex and can result in STI transmission. This is because of the formation of pre-ejaculate, a fluid that oozes from the urethra before actual ejaculation, may contain pathogens such as HIV.^[22]^[23] Additionally, the microbes responsible for some diseases, including genital warts and syphilis, can be transmitted through skin-to-skin contact, even if the partners never engage in oral, vaginal, or anal sexual intercourse.

[edit] Abstinence

Sexual abstinence is sometimes promoted as a way to avoid the risks associated with sexual contact, though STIs may also be transmitted through non-sexual means. HIV may be transmitted through contaminated needles used in tattooing, body piercing, or injections. Medical or dental procedures using contaminated instruments can also spread HIV, while some health-care workers have acquired HIV through occupational exposure to accidental injuries with needles.^[24]

It is often recommended that those using abstinence have condoms available as a backup for protection against STIs and pregnancy.^[25]

Some groups, notably some evangelical Christians and the Roman Catholic Church oppose sex outside marriage, and object to safe-sex education programs because they believe that providing such education promotes promiscuity. Virginity pledges and sexual abstinence education programs are often promoted in lieu of contraceptives and safe-sex education programs. This may entail exposing some teenagers to increased risk of sexually transmitted infections, because about 60 percent of teenagers who pledge virginity until marriage do engage in pre-marital sex and are then one-third less likely to use contraceptives than their peers who have received more conventional sex education.^[26]

[edit] Anal sex

Unprotected anal penetration is a high risk activity regardless of sexual orientation. Research suggests that although gay men are more likely to engage in anal sex, heterosexual couples are more likely not to use condoms when doing so.^[27]

Anal sex is a higher risk activity than vaginal intercourse, because the thin tissues of the anus and rectum can be easily damaged; this includes by the use of anal toys. Slight injuries can allow the passage of bacteria and viruses, including HIV. Anal stimulation with a sex toy requires similar safety measures to anal penetration with a penis, in this case using a condom on the sex toy in a similar way. Oil-based lubricants damage latex, and water-based lubricants are available instead, and non-latex condoms are available for people who are allergic to latex (e.g., polyurethane condoms that are compatible with both oil-based and water-based lubricants).^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Sex toys

Putting a condom on a sex toy provides better sexual hygiene and prevents transmission of infections if the sex toy is shared, provided the condom is replaced when used by a different partner. Some sex toys are made of porous materials, and pores retain viruses and bacteria, which makes it necessary to clean sex toys (plugs, anal vibrators) thoroughly, preferably with use of cleaners specifically for sex toys. Glass sex toys are non-porous and more easily sterilized between uses.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] See also

[edit] References

^ Compact Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, 2009, Accessed 23/09/09
^ The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition, Houghton Mifflin Company, 2009, Accessed 23/09/09
^ ^a ^b ^c Vittinghoff E, Douglas J, Judson F, McKirnan D, MacQueen K, Buchbinder SP. (1999). Per-contact risk of human immunodeficiency virus transmission between male sexual partners. Am J Epidemiol. 150(3):306-11. PMID 10430236
^ "Safer Sex ("Safe Sex")". http://www.plannedparenthood.org/health-topics/stds-hiv-safer-sex/safer-sex-4263.htm. Retrieved 2009-09-23.
^ "Getting Out the Wrecking Ball". Time. 1994-12-19. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,982008,00.html. Retrieved 2009-03-08.
^ Joycelyn Elders: From Sharecropper's Daughter to Surgeon General of the United States of America. - book reviews | Washington Monthly | Find Articles at BNET.com
^ "President Clinton Makes a Celebratory Return to His Starting Point in Arkansas". New York Times. 1996-11-06. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C02E0D81038F935A35752C1A960958260. Retrieved 2009-03-08.
^ Kestelman P, Trussell J (1991). "Efficacy of the simultaneous use of condoms and spermicides.". Fam Plann Perspect 23 (5): 226–7, 232. doi:10.2307/2135759. PMID 1743276.
^ "Does using two condoms provide more protection than using just one condom?". Condoms and Dental Dams. New York University Student Health Center. http://www.nyu.edu/shc/promotion/condoms.dental.dams.html. Retrieved 2008-06-30.
^ "Are two condoms better than one?". Go Ask Alice!. Columbia University. 2005-01-21. http://www.goaskalice.columbia.edu/1139.html. Retrieved 2008-06-30.
^ "WHO agrees HIV circumcision plan". BBC World News. BBC. 2007-03-03. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/6502855.stm. Retrieved 2008-07-12.
^ Circumcision and HIV
^ Circumcision and AIDS
^ Mcallister RG, Travis JW, Bollinger D, Rutiser C, Sundar V (Fall 2008). "The cost to circumcise Africa". International Journal of Men's Health (Men's Studies Press) 7 (3): 307–316. doi:10.3149/jmh.0703.307. http://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+cost+to+circumcise+Africa.-a0189486243.
^ "Cuba fights AIDS in its Own Way". The Body. The Body. 2009-06-13. http://www.thebody.com/content/art32967.html. Retrieved 2009-06-13.
^ ^a ^b Li, J. Z.; E. C. Mack, and J. A. Levy. (2003). "Virucidal Efficacy of Soap and Water against Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Genital Secretions". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 47 (10): 3321–3322. doi:10.1128/AAC.47.10.3321-3322.2003. PMID 14506048.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Staras, A.; Cook, L.; Clark, B. (Apr 2009). "Sexual Partner Characteristics and Sexually Transmitted Diseases Among Adolescents and Young Adults". Sexually Transmitted Diseases 36 (4): 232. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181901e32. ISSN 0148-5717. PMID 19265739. edit
^ Kahn, J. O. and Walker, B. D. (1998). "Acute Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 infection". N. Engl. J. Med. 331 (1): 33–39. doi:10.1056/NEJM199807023390107. PMID 9647878.
^ Daar ES, Little S, Pitt J, et al. (2001). "Diagnosis of primary HIV-1 infection. Los Angeles County Primary HIV Infection Recruitment Network". Ann. Intern. Med. 134 (1): 25–9. PMID 11187417.
^ ^a ^b Varghese B, Maher JE, Peterman TA, Branson BM, Steketee RW. (2002). Reducing the risk of sexual HIV transmission: quantifying the per-act risk for HIV on the basis of choice of partner, sex act, and condom use. Sex Transm Dis. 29(1):38-43. PMID 11773877
^ [1]
^ Researchers find no sperm in pre-ejaculate fluid. Contraceptive Technology Update. Volume 14, Number 10, October 1993, pp.154-6.
^ Zukerman, Z. et al. Short Communication: Does Preejaculatory Penile Secretion Originating from Cowper's Gland Contain Sperm? Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. Volume 20, Number 4, April 2003, pp. 157-159(3).
^ Do AN, Ciesielski CA, Metler RP, Hammett TA, Li J, Fleming PL (2003). "Occupationally acquired human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection: national case surveillance data during 20 years of the HIV epidemic in the United States". Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 24 (2): 86–96. doi:10.1086/502178. PMID 12602690.
^ Kowal D (2007). "Abstinence and the Range of Sexual Expression". in Hatcher, Robert A., et al.. Contraceptive Technology (19th rev. ed.). New York: Ardent Media. pp. 81–86. ISBN 0-9664902-0-7. http://www.contraceptivetechnology.com.
^ Recent Findings from The 'Add Health' Survey: Teens and Sexual Activity
^ "Gay men's dream: A 'magic' lube: Researchers discuss rectal microbicide development at NIAID workshop", Bob Roehr, (June 15, 2001) Bay Area Reporter http://www.aegis.com/news/bar/2001/BR010617.html

[edit] External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Safer sex

[0] Compact Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, 2009, Accessed 23/09/09

[1] The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition, Houghton Mifflin Company, 2009, Accessed 23/09/09

[Vittinghoff-2] Vittinghoff E, Douglas J, Judson F, McKirnan D, MacQueen K, Buchbinder SP. (1999). Per-contact risk of human immunodeficiency virus transmission between male sexual partners. Am J Epidemiol. 150(3):306-11. PMID 10430236

[plannedparenthood-3] "Safer Sex ("Safe Sex")". http://www.plannedparenthood.org/health-topics/stds-hiv-safer-sex/safer-sex-4263.htm. Retrieved 2009-09-23.

[4] "Getting Out the Wrecking Ball". Time. 1994-12-19. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,982008,00.html. Retrieved 2009-03-08.

[5] Joycelyn Elders: From Sharecropper's Daughter to Surgeon General of the United States of America. - book reviews | Washington Monthly | Find Articles at BNET.com

[6] "President Clinton Makes a Celebratory Return to His Starting Point in Arkansas". New York Times. 1996-11-06. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C02E0D81038F935A35752C1A960958260. Retrieved 2009-03-08.

[7] Kestelman P, Trussell J (1991). "Efficacy of the simultaneous use of condoms and spermicides.". Fam Plann Perspect 23 (5): 226–7, 232. doi:10.2307/2135759. PMID 1743276.

[8] "Does using two condoms provide more protection than using just one condom?". Condoms and Dental Dams. New York University Student Health Center. http://www.nyu.edu/shc/promotion/condoms.dental.dams.html. Retrieved 2008-06-30.

[9] "Are two condoms better than one?". Go Ask Alice!. Columbia University. 2005-01-21. http://www.goaskalice.columbia.edu/1139.html. Retrieved 2008-06-30.

[10] "WHO agrees HIV circumcision plan". BBC World News. BBC. 2007-03-03. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/6502855.stm. Retrieved 2008-07-12.

[11] Circumcision and HIV

[12] Circumcision and AIDS

[13] Mcallister RG, Travis JW, Bollinger D, Rutiser C, Sundar V (Fall 2008). "The cost to circumcise Africa". International Journal of Men's Health (Men's Studies Press) 7 (3): 307–316. doi:10.3149/jmh.0703.307. http://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+cost+to+circumcise+Africa.-a0189486243.

[14] "Cuba fights AIDS in its Own Way". The Body. The Body. 2009-06-13. http://www.thebody.com/content/art32967.html. Retrieved 2009-06-13.

[soap-15] Li, J. Z.; E. C. Mack, and J. A. Levy. (2003). "Virucidal Efficacy of Soap and Water against Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Genital Secretions". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 47 (10): 3321–3322. doi:10.1128/AAC.47.10.3321-3322.2003. PMID 14506048.

[partner-16] Staras, A.; Cook, L.; Clark, B. (Apr 2009). "Sexual Partner Characteristics and Sexually Transmitted Diseases Among Adolescents and Young Adults". Sexually Transmitted Diseases 36 (4): 232. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181901e32. ISSN 0148-5717. PMID 19265739. edit

[Kahn-17] Kahn, J. O. and Walker, B. D. (1998). "Acute Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 infection". N. Engl. J. Med. 331 (1): 33–39. doi:10.1056/NEJM199807023390107. PMID 9647878.

[pmid11187417-18] Daar ES, Little S, Pitt J, et al. (2001). "Diagnosis of primary HIV-1 infection. Los Angeles County Primary HIV Infection Recruitment Network". Ann. Intern. Med. 134 (1): 25–9. PMID 11187417.

[Varghese-19] Varghese B, Maher JE, Peterman TA, Branson BM, Steketee RW. (2002). Reducing the risk of sexual HIV transmission: quantifying the per-act risk for HIV on the basis of choice of partner, sex act, and condom use. Sex Transm Dis. 29(1):38-43. PMID 11773877

[20] [1]

[HIV_study-21] Researchers find no sperm in pre-ejaculate fluid. Contraceptive Technology Update. Volume 14, Number 10, October 1993, pp.154-6.

[22] Zukerman, Z. et al. Short Communication: Does Preejaculatory Penile Secretion Originating from Cowper's Gland Contain Sperm? Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. Volume 20, Number 4, April 2003, pp. 157-159(3).

[HIV-23] Do AN, Ciesielski CA, Metler RP, Hammett TA, Li J, Fleming PL (2003). "Occupationally acquired human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection: national case surveillance data during 20 years of the HIV epidemic in the United States". Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 24 (2): 86–96. doi:10.1086/502178. PMID 12602690.

[24] Kowal D (2007). "Abstinence and the Range of Sexual Expression". in Hatcher, Robert A., et al.. Contraceptive Technology (19th rev. ed.). New York: Ardent Media. pp. 81–86. ISBN 0-9664902-0-7. http://www.contraceptivetechnology.com.

[25] Recent Findings from The 'Add Health' Survey: Teens and Sexual Activity

[26] "Gay men's dream: A 'magic' lube: Researchers discuss rectal microbicide development at NIAID workshop", Bob Roehr, (June 15, 2001) Bay Area Reporter http://www.aegis.com/news/bar/2001/BR010617.html

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