Most researchers believe that Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900) knew little of the 19th century philosopher Søren Kierkegaard (1813–1855).^[1][2] Georg Brandes, a Danish philosopher, wrote to Nietzsche in 1888 asking him to study the works of Kierkegaard, to which Nietzsche replied that he would.^[3] Nietzsche seems to have been unable to undertake this task before his mental collapse in 1889.

Recent research, however, suggests that Nietzsche was exposed to the works of Kierkegaard, through secondary literature. Aside from Brandes, Nietzsche owned and read a copy of Hans Lassen Martensen’s Christliche Ethik (1873) in which Martensen extensively quoted and wrote about Kierkegaard’s individualism in ethics and religion. Nietzsche also read Harald Høffding’s Psychologie in Umrissen auf Grundlage der Erfahrung (ed. 1887) which expounded and critiqued Kierkegaard’s psychology. Thomas Brobjer believes one of the works Nietzsche wrote about Kierkegaard is in Morgenröthe, which was partly written in response to Martensen's work. In one of the passages, Nietzsche wrote: Those moralists, on the other hand, who, following in the footsteps of Socrates, offer the individual a morality of self-control and temperance as a means to his own advantage, as his personal key to happiness, are the exceptions. Brobjer believes Kierkegaard is one of "those moralists".^[4]

Both Kierkegaard and Nietzsche, considered precursors to existentialism (or existentialists themselves), criticized the rational, idealistic, and systematic structures of philosophy. Both philosophers wrote in a fairly unsystematic way and with similar literary style.^[1] They attacked what they saw as the detrimental effect of Christendom on the population. Kierkegaard and Nietzsche condemned Christian churches for perverting Christianity, but they differ in their view of whether religion can continue to play an important part in an individual's life. Kierkegaard believed that Christian belief and faith is a much more individualistic and personal experience, filled with dread and joy, than is afforded by the comfortable social gathering of Christendom, while Nietzsche believed Christians were attached to Christianity (which Nietzsche saw as a decadent religion) in order to compensate for their individual weaknesses.

Contents 1 Points of comparison 2 See also 3 References 4 Notes

[edit] Points of comparison

Throughout the 20th century (and into the 21st century), there have been growing studies of Kierkegaardian-Nietzschean comparisons. The most prominent early scholars who studied this aspect of the two philosophers include Georg Brandes, Karl Jaspers, Jean-Paul Sartre, and Karl Löwith.

J. Kellenberger in his work Kierkegaard and Nietzsche, identified major points of comparison:

• The similarities of their lives, for example:
  • Kierkegaard's fiancée Regine Olsen and Nietzsche's companion Lou Andreas-Salomé
  • Intense writing periods where both authors turned out a book a year: (Kierkegaard: 1843-1850; Nietzsche 1878-1888)
• Kierkegaard and Nietzsche's passion for life and philosophy
• Kierkegaard's knight of faith and Nietzsche's Übermensch
• Kierkegaard and Nietzsche's common focus on psychology (Kierkegaard's faith-based psychology - Nietzsche's power-based psychology)
• Kierkegaard and Nietzsche's common focus on religion (Kierkegaard's embrace of religion - Nietzsche's rejection of religion)
• Kierkegaard's writings on Abraham in Fear and Trembling and Nietzsche's character of Zarathustra in Thus Spoke Zarathustra
• Kierkegaard's joyfulness of faith and Nietzsche's joyful acceptance of life
• Kierkegaard's "crowd" and Nietzsche's "herd"

[edit] See also

• Philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard
• Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche

[edit] References

• Either Kierkegaard/or Nietzsche: Moral Philosophy in a New Key by Tom P. Angier (Ashgate Publishing, 2006).
• Four Prophets of our Destiny: Dostoevsky, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche and Kafka by William Hubben (Textbook, 2003).
• Kierkegaard and Nietzsche by J. Kellenberger (St. Martin's Press Inc, 1997).
• Notes and Discussions: Nietzsche's Knowledge of Kierkegaard by Thomas H. Brobjer. Journal of the History of Philosophy - Volume 41, Number 2, April 2003, pp. 251-263
• Reason and Existenz by Karl Jaspers (Marquette University Press, 1996, ISBN 0-87462-611-0).

[edit] Notes

v • d • e Søren Kierkegaard Major works On the Concept of Irony with Continual Reference to Socrates · Either/Or · Repetition · The Concept of Anxiety · Fear and Trembling · Philosophical Fragments · Stages on Life's Way · Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments · Works of Love · The Sickness Unto Death · Practice in Christianity · The Book on Adler · For Self-Examination · The Point of View of My Work as an Author · The Journals Ideas Philosophy · Theology · Angst · Anguish · Authenticity · Double-mindedness · Indirect communication · Infinite qualitative distinction · Knight of faith · Leap of faith · Ressentiment · Rotation method Schools influenced Absurdism · Danish Golden Age · Existential phenomenology · Existential psychology · Existentialism (Agnostic, Atheistic, Christian) · Gestalt therapy · Humanism (Christian · Existential · Psychology) · Kyoto School · Neo-orthodoxy · Postmodernism (Christian) · Poststructuralism Related topics List of works · Regine Olsen · Peter Kierkegaard · Danish Golden Age · Comparisons with Nietzsche · Søren Kierkegaard Research Center · Howard V. and Edna H. Hong Kierkegaard Library

v • d • e Friedrich Nietzsche Works Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks · The Birth of Tragedy · On Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense · The Untimely Meditations · Hymnus an das Leben · Human, All Too Human · The Dawn  · The Gay Science · Thus Spoke Zarathustra · Beyond Good and Evil · On the Genealogy of Morality · The Case of Wagner · Twilight of the Idols · The Antichrist · Ecce Homo · Nietzsche contra Wagner · The Will to Power (posthumous) Concepts Apollonian and Dionysian · Eternal return · Free will  · God is dead · Herd instinct · Last man · Master-slave morality · Nietzschean affirmation · Perspectivism · Ressentiment · Transvaluation of values · Tschandala · Übermensch · World riddle · Will to power Related Works about Nietzsche · Comparison with Kierkegaard · Influence and reception of Nietzsche · Anarchism and Friedrich Nietzsche · Nietzsche-Archiv · Nietzsche Music Project · Relationship with Max Stirner · My Sister and I