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  Rusyn is a language spoken by the Rusyns living in Central Europe. Opinions differ among linguists concerning whether Rusyn is a separate East Slavic language or a dialect of Ukrainian.[3] The political implications of the dispute add to the controversy. Carpatho-Rusyn is spoken in the Transcarpathian Region of Ukraine, in northeastern Slovakia, southeastern Poland (where it is often called łemkowski 'Lemko', from their characteristic word lem/лем 'only'), or Lyshak and Hungary (where the people and language are called Ruten). The Pannonian Rusyn language used in Serbia is sometimes considered part of the Rusyn dialectic subgroup. In Ukraine, Rusyn is officialy considered a dialect of Ukrainian, since it is very close to the Ukrainian Hutsul dialect and since Ukraine does not officialy recognise Rusyns as a separate people, but some speakers prefer to consider themselves ethnically distinct from Ukrainians. Attempts to standardize the dialects suffer because native speakers are divided among four separate countries, Efforts are also hampered because some Rusyns living outside of the region do not speak the dialect fluently. In each of these countries different orthographies (in most cases using variants of the Cyrillic alphabet) and a grammatical standard, based on different dialects. The cultural centres of Carpatho-Rusyns are located in Prešov in Slovakia, Uzhhorod and Mukacheve in Ukraine, Krynica and Legnica in Poland[citation needed], Ruski Krstur in Vojvodina and Budapest in Hungary. Many active western Ukrainians live in Canada and the USA. It is very difficult to count the speakers of the Rusyn language, but their number is sometimes estimated at almost a million, most of them in Ukraine and Slovakia. Yugoslavia recognized Rusyn,[dubious ] more precisely Pannonian Rusyn, as an official language. In 1995, Rusyn was recognized as a minority language in Slovakia, enjoying the status of official language in municipalities where more than 20% of the inhabitants speak this Western Ukrainian dialect. The Carpatho Rusyn language can be divided as follows:
Boiko, Hutsul and Dolinian are sometimes identified (and for the same speakers) as Ukrainian dialects since some of their speakers identified themselves Ukrainians.
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