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Main articles: Catholic Church and Christianity in Australia  The Catholic Church in Australia is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope and Curia in Rome. There are an estimated 5.1 million baptised Catholics in Australia, 26% of the population, a plurality, making it Australia's largest single Christian denomination (larger than Anglicans and Uniting combined). In the Catholic Church, a province is a grouping of several neighbouring dioceses. The senior diocese is known as metropolitan, while the others are known as suffragan. The bishop of the senior diocese is also known as the Metropolitan and has certain limited functions, but no powers of governance outside his own diocese. A bishop is the head of a diocese, and dioceses are divided into parishes, each headed by a parish priest, appointed by and accountable to the bishop. In Australia, there are five provinces: Adelaide, Brisbane, Melbourne, Perth and Sydney. These roughly correspond to state boundaries, which, among other considerations, enables the bishops to cooperate in matters involving that level of secular government. In Australia, there are thirty-three dioceses. A diocese usually has a defined territory and comprises the Catholics who live there. That is the case with twenty-eight of the Australian dioceses. There are also five dioceses which cover the whole country: one each for those who belong to the Chaldean, Maronite, Melkite and Ukrainian rites and one for those who are serving in the Australian Defence Forces. In Australia there are seven archdioceses and 32 dioceses, with an estimated 3,000 priests and 9,000 men and women in Catholic orders. Until the 1986 census, Australia's most populous Christian faith was Anglican. Since then Catholics have outnumbered Anglicans in Australia and the percentage is rising. One rationale to explain this relates to changes in Australia's immigration policy, people more recently coming from a more diverse range of countries rather than predominantly the United Kingdom. While Catholicism is now the largest church tradition in Australia, active participation seen in church attendance is low as the majority of Australia's Christian population do not regularly attend services[2]. The National Church Life Survey of weekly attendance, found that between 1996-2001 Catholic attendance at weekly services dropped by 13% to 764,800[2].
[edit] History Catholicism in Australia began with the Irish convicts and the priests who ministered to them and to later free Irish settlers. William Bernard Ullathorne (1806-1889) was instrumental in influencing Pope Gregory XVI to establish the hierarchy in Australia. Ullathorne was in Australia from 1833-1836 as vicar-general to Bishop William Morris (1794-1872), whose jurisdiction extended over the Australian missions. The most prominent early leader of the Church was John Bede Polding, the first bishop and archbishop of Sydney, from 1835 to 1877. With the withdrawal of state aid for Church schools around 1880, the Catholic Church, unlike other Australian churches, put great energy and resources into creating a comprehensive alternative system of education. It was largely staffed by nuns, brothers and priests of religious orders, such as the Sisters of St Joseph, founded in Australia by Mary MacKillop. Until about 1950, the Australian Catholic Church was strongly Irish in its ethos. Most Catholics were descendants of Irish immigrants and the church was mostly led by Irish-born priests and bishops such as Cardinal Moran and Archbishop Mannix. From 1950 the ethnic composition of the church changed, with the assimilation of Irish Australians and the arrival of large numbers of immigrants from countries with strong Catholic traditions - Eastern Europeans in the late 1940s, Italians and Hungarians in the 1950s and Filipinos, Vietnamese, Lebanese and Poles around the 1980s. There are now also strong Chinese, Korean and Latin American Catholic communities. Irish-Australians had a close political association with the Australian Labor Party and in the 1940s and 1950s the Catholic-dominated 'Movement' led by B.A. Santamaria was at the forefront of the struggle against Communism in Australia. Since the Second Vatican Council of the 1960s, the Australian church has suffered a decline in vocations to the religious life, leading to a priest shortage. On the other hand, Catholic education under lay leadership has expanded, and about 20% of Australian school students attend a Catholic school.[3] As in many other Western countries, the Church in Australia faced revelations of a number of cases of sexual abuse by clergy in the 1980s and 1990s. The Australian Catholic Bishops Conference began in 1995 the drafting of a Towards Healing protocol, which has developed into a process for working with the victims of such cases. In July 2008 the Sydney church hosted World Youth Day 2008, including a visit by Pope Benedict XVI. The canonisation of Mary MacKillop is expected to take place in 2010, which would make her Australia's first saint. [edit] OrganisationWithin Australia the church hierarchy is made of metropolitan archdioceses and suffragan sees. Each diocese has a bishop, while each archdiocese is served by an archbishop. Australia has three living members of the College of Cardinals, including the current Archbishop of Sydney, George Cardinal Pell, Edward Cardinal Clancy and Edward Cardinal Cassidy.
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