The retinoic acid receptor (RAR) is a type of nuclear receptor[1] which is activated by both all-trans retinoic acid and 9-cis retinoic acid.[2] There are three retinoic acid receptors (RAR), RAR-alpha, RAR-beta, and RAR-gamma encoded by the RARA, RARB, RARG genes respectively. Each receptor isoform has several splice variants: two- for alpha, four- for beta and two- for gamma. As with other type II nuclear receptors, RAR heterodimerizes with RXR and in the absence of ligand, the RAR/RXR dimer binds to hormone response elements complexed with corepressor protein. Binding of agonist ligands to RAR results in dissociation of corepressor and recruitment of coactivator protein which in turn promotes transcription of the downstream target gene into mRNA and eventually protein. [edit] See also [edit] References - ^ Germain P, Chambon P, Eichele G, Evans RM, Lazar MA, Leid M, De Lera AR, Lotan R, Mangelsdorf DJ, Gronemeyer H (2006). "International Union of Pharmacology. LX. Retinoic acid receptors". Pharmacol Rev 58 (4): 712–25. doi:10.1124/pr.58.4.4. PMID 17132850.
- ^ Allenby G, Bocquel MT, Saunders M, Kazmer S, Speck J, Rosenberger M, Lovey A, Kastner P, Grippo JF, Chambon P, Levin AA (1993). "Retinoic acid receptors and retinoid X receptors: interactions with endogenous retinoic acids". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90 (1): 30–4. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.1.30. PMID 8380496.
[edit] External links | Transcription factors and intracellular receptors | | | (1) Basic domains | | | | Activating transcription factor ( AATF, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7) · AP-1 ( c-Fos, FOSB, FOSL1, FOSL2, c-Jun, JUNB, JUND) · BACH ( 1, 2) · BATF · BLZF1 · C/EBP ( α, β, γ, δ, ε, ζ) · CREB ( 1, 3, L1) · CREM · DBP · DDIT3 · GABPA · HLF · MAF ( B, F, G, K) · NFE ( 2, L1, L2) · NFIL3 · NRL · NRF1 · XBP1 | | (1.2) Basic helix-loop-helix ( bHLH) | ATOH1 · AhR · AHRR · ARNT · ASCL1 · BHLHB2 · BMAL ( ARNTL, ARNTL2) · CLOCK · EPAS1 · HAND ( 1, 2) · HES ( 5, 6) · HEY ( 1, 2, L) · HES1 · HIF ( 1A, 3A) · ID ( 1, 2, 3, 4) · LYL1 · MXD4 · MYCL1 · MYCN · Myogenic regulatory factors ( MyoD, Myogenin, MYF5, MYF6) · Neurogenins · NeuroD ( 1, 2) · NPAS ( 1, 2, 3) · OLIG ( 1, 2) · Pho4 · Scleraxis · TAL ( 1, 2) · Twist · USF1 | | | | | | | (1.4) NF-1 | | | | (1.5) RF-X | | | | (1.6) Basic helix-span-helix (bHSH) | | | | | | (2) Zinc finger DNA-binding domains | | | | subfamily 1 ( Thyroid hormone ( α, β), CAR, FXR, LXR ( α, β), PPAR ( α, β/δ, γ), PXR, RAR ( α, β, γ), ROR ( α, β, γ), Rev-ErbA ( α, β), VDR) subfamily 2 ( COUP-TF ( I, II), Ear-2, HNF4 ( α, γ), PNR, RXR ( α, β, γ), Testicular receptor ( 2, 4), TLX) subfamily 3 ( Steroid hormone ( Androgen, Estrogen ( α, β), Glucocorticoid, Mineralocorticoid, Progesterone), Estrogen related ( α, β, γ)) subfamily 4 NUR ( NGFIB, NOR1, NURR1) · subfamily 5 ( LRH-1, SF1) · subfamily 6 ( GCNF) · subfamily 0 ( DAX1, SHP) | | | (2.2) Other Cys4 | | | | (2.3) Cys2His2 | General transcription factors ( TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF ( 1, 2), TFIIH ( 1, 2, 4, 2I, 3A, 3C1, 3C2)) ATBF1 · BCL ( 6, 11A, 11B) · CTCF · E4F1 · EGR ( 2, 3) · ERV3 · GFI1 · GLI-Krüppel family ( 1, 2, 3, REST, S2, YY1) · HIC ( 1, 2) · HIVEP ( 1, 2, 3) · IKZF ( 1, 2, 3) · ILF ( 2, 3) · KLF ( 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 17) · MTF1 · MYT1 · OSR1 · SP ( 1, 2, 4, 7) · Zbtb7 ( 7A, 7B) · ZBTB ( 16, 17, 20, 32, 33, 40) · zinc finger ( 3, 7, 9, 10, 19, 22, 24, 33B, 34, 35, 41, 43, 44, 51, 74, 143, 146, 148, 165, 202, 217, 219, 238, 239, 259, 267, 268, 281, 295, 318, 330, 346, 350, 365, 366, 384, 423, 451, 452, 471, 593, 638, 649, 655) | | | (2.4) Cys6 | | | | (2.5) Alternating composition | | | | | | (3) Helix-turn-helix domains | | | | ARX · CDX ( 1, 2) · CRX · CUTL1 · DLX ( 3, 4, 5) · EMX2 · EN ( 1, 2) · FHL ( 1, 2, 3) · HESX1 · HHEX · HLX · Homeobox ( A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A7, A9, A10, A11, A13, B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B7, B8, B9, B13, C4, C5, C6, C8, C9, C10, C11, C13, D1, D3, D4, D8, D9, D10, D11, D12, D13) · HOPX · LMX ( 1A, 1B) · MEIS ( 1, 2) · MEOX2 · MNX1 · MSX ( 1, 2) · NANOG · NKX ( 2-1, 2-2, 2-3, 2-5, 3-1, 3-2) · PBX ( 1, 2, 3) · PHF ( 1, 3, 6, 8, 10, 16, 17, 20, 21A) · PITX ( 1, 2, 3) · POU domain ( PIT-1, BRN-3: A, B, C, Octamer transcription factor: 1, 2, 3/4, 6, 7, 11) · OTX ( 1, 2) · PDX1 · ZEB ( 1, 2) | | | (3.2) Paired box | | | | | E2F ( 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) · FOX proteins ( C1, C2, D3, E1, G1, H1, K2, L2, M1, N3, O1, O3, O4, P1, P2, P3) | | | | | | | (3.5) Tryptophan clusters | ELF ( 2, 4, 5) · EGF · ELK ( 1, 3, 4) · ERF · ERG · ETS ( 1, 2, SPIB) · ETV ( 1, 4, 5, 6) · FLI1 · Interferon regulatory factors ( 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) · MYB · MYBL2 | | | (3.6) TEA domain | transcriptional enhancer factor ( 1, 2, 3, 4) | | | | | (4) β-Scaffold factors with minor groove contacts | | | | | | | | | | | (4.3) p53 | | | | | | | | | | | | | HMGB ( 1, 2, 3) · HNF ( 1A, 1B) · LEF1 · SOX ( 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 21) · SRY · SSRP1 · TCF ( 3, 4) · TOX ( 1, 2, 3, 4) | | | (4.10) Cold-shock domain | | | | (4.11) Runt | | | | | | (0) Other transcription factors | | | (0.2) HMGI(Y) | | | | | | | | | | | | (0.6) Miscellaneous | ARID ( 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B, 4A) · CAP · IFI ( 16, 35) · MLL ( 2, 3, T1) · MNDA · NFY ( A, B, C) · Rho/ Sigma | | | | |
