Receptive aphasia
Classification and external resources
Broca's area and Wernicke's area
ICD-10	F80.2
ICD-9	315.32
MeSH	D001041

Receptive aphasia, also known as Wernicke’s aphasia, fluent aphasia, or sensory aphasia in clinical neuropsychology and cognitive neuropsychology, is a type of aphasia often (but not always^{[citation needed]}) caused by neurological damage to Wernicke’s area in the brain (Brodmann area 22, in the posterior part of the superior temporal gyrus of the dominant hemisphere). This is not to be confused with Wernicke’s encephalopathy or Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. The aphasia was first described by Carl Wernicke and its understanding substantially advanced by Norman Geschwind.

[edit] Presentation

If Wernicke’s area is damaged in the non-dominant hemisphere, the syndrome resulting will be sensory dysprosody - the inability to perceive the pitch, rhythm, and emotional tone of speech.

Speech is preserved, but language content is incorrect. This may vary from the insertion of a few incorrect or nonexistent words to a profuse outpouring of jargon. Grammar, syntax, rate, intonation and stress are normal. Substitutions of one word for another (paraphasias, e.g. “telephone” for “television”) are common. Comprehension and repetition are poor.

Example:

I called my mother on the television and did not understand the door. It was too breakfast, but they came from far to near. My mother is not too old for me to be young.

Patients who recover from Wernicke’s aphasia report that, while aphasic, they found the speech of others to be unintelligible and, despite being cognizant of that fact that they were speaking, they could neither stop themselves nor understand their own words.^{[citation needed]}

The ability to understand and repeat songs is usually unaffected, as these are processed by the opposite hemisphere. Melodic intonation therapy(MIT) has been pursued for some years with aphasic patients under the belief that it helps stimulate the ability to speak normally. There is some question as to the effectiveness of MIT. ^[1] But more recent, and more rigorously conducted, research has revealed that MIT can be very effective at recovering language function. ^[2]

Patients also generally have no trouble purposefully reciting anything they have memorized. The ability to utter profanity is also left unaffected, however the patient typically has no control over it, and may not even understand their own profanity.

[edit] Luria's theory on Wernicke's aphasia

Luria proposed that this type of aphasia has three characteristics.^[3]

• 1) A deficit in the categorization of sounds. In order to hear and understand what is said, one must be able to recognize the different sounds of spoken language. For example, hearing the difference between bad and bed is easy for native English speakers. The Dutch language however, makes no difference between these vowels, and therefore the Dutch have difficulties hearing the difference between them. This problem is exactly what patients with Wernicke’s aphasia have in their own language: they can't isolate significant sound characteristics and classify them into known meaningful systems.

• 2) A defect in speech. A patient with Wernicke's aphasia can and may speak a great deal, but he or she confuses sound characteristics, producing “word salad”: intelligible words that appear to be strung together randomly.

• 3) An impairment in writing. A person who cannot discern sounds cannot be expected to write.

[edit] Receptive aphasia in popular culture

• “Failure to Communicate,” an episode of Fox’s medical television series House, M. D., featured a patient experiencing both receptive aphasia and agraphia. (The episode first aired on January 10, 2006.)
• In “Babel,” an episode of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, a virus causes this type of aphasia.
• In an episode of Boston Legal, Alan Shore is diagnosed with word salad which arises during periods of anxiety. Shore struggles with word salad for the rest of the show.
• The character of Samuel T. Anders suffers from a form of word salad in Season 4 of Battlestar Galactica after being hit in the head with a bullet during the mutiny aboard Galactica.

[edit] See also

• Expressive aphasia: also known as Broca’s aphasia
• Schizophasia
• Conduction aphasia
• Logorrhoea
• Aphasia
• Agraphia

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• Aphasia Center of California in Oakland, CA, U.S.