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Ladies of Caubul (1848 lithograph) showing the lifting of purdah in zenana areas.

Purdah or Pardaa (Urdu: پردہ, Hindi: पर्दा, literally meaning "curtain") is the practice of preventing women from being seen by men. This takes two forms: physical segregation of the sexes, and the requirement for women to cover their bodies and conceal their form. Purdah exists in various forms in the Islamic world^[1] and among Hindu women in parts of India.

In the Muslim world, preventing women from being seen by men is closely linked to the concept of Namus.^[2][3]

Namus is an ethical category, a virtue, in Middle Eastern Muslim patriarchal character. It is a strongly gender-specific category of relations within a family described in terms of honor, attention, respect/respectability, and modesty. The term is often translated as "honor".^[2][4]

[edit] Means

Physical segregation within a building can be done with walls, curtains, and screens. A woman's withdrawal into purdah restricts her personal, social and economic activities outside her home. The usual purdah garment worn is a burqa, which may or may not include a yashmak, a veil to conceal the face. The eyes may or may not be exposed.

Purdah was rigorously observed under the Taliban in Afghanistan, where women had to observe complete purdah at all times when they were in public. Only close male family members and other women were allowed to see them out of purdah. In other societies, purdah is often only practised during certain times of religious significance.

In historically Islamic Arab countries, such as Saudi Arabia, purdah is a custom with cultural rather than religious basis. Even in the United Arab Emirates, where women can wear skirts and similar modest garments, Arab women often observe purdah. It is important to differentiate between purdah and hijab. Hijab is an Islamic tradition that is based on physical and psychological morality, while purdah does not necessarily conform to Islamic teachings.

[edit] Criticism

Criticism of purdah has occurred historically. Purdah was criticised from within its community, for example in the 1905 story entitled The Sultana's Dream, by Bengali feminist Rokeya Sakhawat Hussain. Bhimrao Ambedkar, a social reformer and the chief architect of the Constitution of India, imputed many evils existing among the Muslims of colonial-era India to the system of purdah in his 1946 book Pakistan, or The Partition of India, saying that women lack "mental nourishment" by being isolated and that purdah harms the sexual morals of society as a whole.^[5]

[edit] See also

• Awrah
• Hijab
• Sex segregation and Islam
• Zenana

[edit] Notes

Silver zenana carriage for Hindu women

[edit] External links

• King's College Women's history
• Description of purdah practices in 20th century India by C.M. Naim, Professor Emeritus of Urdu and South Asian Languages and Civilizations at the University of Chicago
•  "Purdah". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.