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The term post-disco (or simply boogie)^[1][3][9] has multiple meanings. Sometime after 1990,^[10] an Allmusic editorial contributor used "post-disco" in an attempt to isolate a dance music genre in the era between the indistinct "end" of disco music and the equally indistinct emergence of house music.^[1] "Post-disco" was used in 1984 by Cadence Magazine when defining post-disco soul as disco without the loud bass-drum thump.^[11] In 1985, New York Magazine referenced post-disco in relation to electronic funk.^[12] Other authors emphasize "post-" (meaning "after")^[13]) to indicate a greater disconnect from the disco era and disco-influenced music. Billboard Magazine, for example, mentioned the word twice: in 1982, when dividing post-disco movements into another category called "post-disco pop", citing Knack, Barbra Streisand, Kenny Rogers, and Christopher Cross as new wave and adult contemporary artists who figured in this kind of music,^[14] and in 1994, when the word was used in relation to reggae song "Pass The Dutchie" by Musical Youth.^[15]

The Allmusic author provides few specifics other than implying post-disco follows from the DJ- and producer-driven, increasingly electronic side of disco; and singling out "boogie" ("midtempo tracks steeped in funk"), early Italo-disco ("electronic tracks with heavy traces of Giorgio Moroder") and "the beginnings of alternative dance" as forms of the post-disco "genre".^[1] In 2006, however, another author explicitly referenced both house music and techno as forms of post-disco.^[16] Likewise, George E. Haggerty, in his 2000 book Gay Histories and Cultures, says house is a form of post-disco dance music that has been popular in Chicago clubs,^[17] and Michael Campbell, in his 2008 book Popular Music in America defined techno as post-disco dance music.^[18]

A watershed album of the post-disco era was Michael Jackson & Quincy Jones's Off The Wall, which helped establish a direction of dance/R&B music and influenced many young producers.^[3] Parliament-Funkadelic, a funk band, also set the tone for many post-disco and post-punk bands of the 1980s.^[19]

	Material Girl (sample) Short sample of "Material Girl", song from post-disco era, originally released in 1984 by Madonna.
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[edit] Terms

	Let's Groove (sample) Short sample of "Let's Groove", post-disco song originally released in 1982 by Earth, Wind & Fire.
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[edit] Boogie

The term "boogie" (or electro-funk)^[9] was used in London to describe a form of Black dance/funk music from early 1980s. These records, mostly U.S. imports, were sometimes regarded as "Electro-Funk" or "Disco-funk".^[9] Originally the word boogie could be found in 1970s funk and disco records, but tracks like "Boogie's Gonna Get Ya" (1981) by Rafael Cameron or "Break Dancin' - Electric Boogie" by West Street Mob (1984) helped define the musical style of Boogie.^[9]

Post-disco "boogie" record labels include Prelude, West End, Sam^[3][9] as well as mainstream disco labels like SalSoul, Radar or Vanguard.^[3]

The better-known 1980s performers in this post-disco movement include Patrice Rushen, Mtume, Kashif, Nick Straker Band, Skyy, D. Train^[20], Unlimited Touch^[21], and also Kurtis Blow.^[22]

Successful records (mostly R&B/pop-oriented) from the post-disco era include:

[edit] Dance-rock

Another post-disco movement is connected with post-punk/no wave genres with fewer R&B/funk influences. An example of this "post-disco" is Gina X's "No G.D.M."^[36] and artists like Liquid Liquid, Polyrock,^[37] Dinosaur L, and Disco Not Disco [2000] compilation album.^[38][39] This movement also connects with Dance-oriented rock; Michael Campbell, in his book Popular Music in America defines that genre as "post-punk/post-disco fusion."^[40] Campbell also cited Robert Christgau, who described dance-oriented rock (or DOR) as umbrella term used by various DJs in 1980s. However, Allmusic defines "dance-rock" as 1980s and 1990s music practised by rock musicians, influenced by Philly soul, disco, and funk, fusing those styles with rock and dance.^[35] Artists like The Rolling Stones, David Bowie, Duran Duran, INXS, Eurythmics, Depeche Mode, The Clash, New Order and Devo belong, according to Allmusic, to this genre. ^[35] Dance-rock embraces some experimental funk acts like A Certain Ratio, Gang of Four, and also pop musicians, for example Robert Palmer and Hall & Oates.^[35] This kind of dance-rock influenced Garbage, No Doubt, Robbie Williams, Scissor Sisters,^[35] Franz Ferdinand, and The Killers.^[41]

[edit] Legacy

The 1980s post-disco sounds also inspired many Norwegian dance music producers ^[42]. Some rappers such as Ice Cube or EPMD built their careers on music that comes from funk/post-disco era^[43]. Also Sean "Puffy" Combs has been influenced by post-disco R&B in an indirect way.^[44]

[edit] In popular culture

The word "post-disco" has been implicitly mentioned in a 1989 novel named Crazy Love by Elías Miguel Muñoz^[45]:

• Julian: "Now we're going American. What's the name they've given this new thing we're doing?"
• Joe: "Post-punk-post-new-wave-post-disco. . ."
• Roli: "post-country -post-rapping - post-post- post-Beatles."
• Lucho: "Post-Elvis-post-Simon-and-Garfunkel-post-Billy-Idol-post-British-Invasion-post-Cyndi-Lauper-post-Blues-post-Soul-post-Michael-Jackson-post-Hustle-post-Donna-Summer-post-Gloria-Gaynor-post-Prince-post-Madonna."

[edit] See also

R&B and Soul Music portal

• List of post-disco artists
• Paradise FM
• Disco Demolition Night

[edit] References and notes