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This is a list of Portuguese monarchs dating from the independence of Portugal from the kingdom of León under Afonso Henriques, who proclaimed himself King in 1139, until the proclamation of the Portuguese Republic on 5 October 1910, during the reign of Manuel II, "the Patriot," or "the Missed King." Afonso I was recognized as king, in 1143, by Alfonso VII of León and Castile and, in 1179, by the Pope Alexander III. It includes the Portuguese rulers from the
[edit] Historical roots of the MonarchyMain articles: History of Portugal (711–1112) and History of Portugal (1112–1279) Portugal originated as a distinct political and national entity in the ninth century, when the first County of Portugal was established within the Kingdom of Asturias just after the reconquista of Northern Portugal from the Moors, who ruled very briefly in this area. The County of Portugal's original territory was limited to an area between the Minho and Douro rivers in today's Northern Portugal. The Iberian political and genealogical forerunners of the Portuguese throne were some of the following: [edit] First Portuguese county and stateA distinct Portuguese political entity dates from 868 when Alfonso III of León gave Vímara Peres the lands between the Minho and Douro rivers, in the south of Galicia. In the period of Reconquista, Vímara ruled over a county named after the city of Portucale (today's Porto) and based in Guimarães. The First County of Portugal lasted for two centuries. In 1065, Portugal and Galicia formed part of the territory allotted to Garcia II of Galicia and Portugal, and Garcia became the first monarch to use the style "King of Portugal". However, he struggled to control his fractious nobles. It was his 1071 victory at the Battle of Pedroso over count Nuno II Mendes that led to the end of the First County of Portugal. Later that year, Alfonso VI of León and Castile took Galicia from Garcia, and the following spring, Sancho II of León and Castile displaced and exiled both of his brothers, reuniting Portugal with the larger Castile-León state and appearing as king in a 1072 Portuguese document. With Sancho's assassination later the same year, Alfonso VI gained the upper hand over Garcia and Portugal remained within the larger unified kingdom.
[edit] Before the House of BurgundyThe so called Second County of Portugal came into existence when Alfonso VI extended the domains of his son-in-law, Raymond of Galicia, south into Portugal in 1093. Raymond and his cousin (and brother-in-law) Henry of Burgundy, facing the possibility of a new heir to the throne, joined in 1095 to sign a succession agreement, with Henry agreeing to support Raymond in exchange for Toledo. Alfonso responded by trying to divide the two politically, and in 1096, he divided the domains of Raymond, leaving him with Galicia while granting the County of Portugal to Henry. A great grandson of Robert II of France in the male line, he was nephew to Constance of Burgundy, wife of Alfonso VI, and had married Alfonso's illegitimate daughter Theresa, who thus became Countess of Portugal. Henry, pressed to secure peace, as well as to parley his wife's position into a favourable succession. With Alfonso's death, Urraca of León and Castile struggled to maintain her reign, and out of this Henry, and then Theresa after his death, achieved near-independence. However, Theresa's 1120 capture led to the recognition of Leonese overlord-ship. Theresa herself faced rebellion from her son, Afonso, and was forced to resign in his favour in 1128.
[edit] House of Burgundy, or Afonsine Dynasty, 1143–1383Main article: History of Portugal (1279-1415) When to date the beginning of the House of Burgundy is subject to debate. Some date it as early as the appointment of Henry of Burgundy as Count of Portugal, yet he never used any title but Count of Portugal. His widow Theresa briefly called herself, Queen Theresa of Portugal, daughter of the great Emperor Alfonso of León, but she had been forced to recognize her lands as a fief of León. In 1139, Afonso proclaimed himself King, and in 1143, his cousin and nominal overlord Alfonso VII of León granted formal recognition to this claim, maintaining vassalage only over the Leonese exclave town of Astorga. Papal recognition was not granted until 1179, when Alexander III's papal bull Manifestis Probatum placed Astorga under papal vassalage. In 1128, with the Battle of São Mamede and the end of the civil war, by the deposition of Queen Theresa, power was taken by Infante Dom Afonso Henriques as the sole ruler, officially styling himself Prince of Portugal, grandson of Emperor Alfonso VI of León. He proclaimed himself King of Portugal in 1139. This is commonly accepted as the date of the foundation of the first Portuguese royal house. With Afonso's victory in the Battle of Ourique he was acclaimed King of Portugal by his soldiers and the Portuguese people. In the same year, according to the legend, he summoned the cortes (estates-general) at Lamego, where he was crowned by the archbishop of Braga. The year of 1143 is also a significant date in the foundation of the House of Burgundy as the Portuguese royal house. In that year Afonso I declared himself the direct liegeman of the Papacy and swore himself and the kingdom servants of the Church, even if the pope did not immediately recognise his allegiance. It was also in that year that the Treaty of Zamora established peace between the Portuguese and León and Castile with Alfonso VII of León and Castile recognizing Afonso as a king. However, as the Church did not recognize Portugal in the dignity of a kingdom with the right to conquer territories from the Moors until 1179 when Pope Alexander III acknowledged Afonso as King of Portugal, some argue that that event marks the beginning of the first royal dynasty of Portugal. The House of Burgundy ruled during a complex period in the History of Portugal when the monarchy was established and Moorish lands to the south were conquered; this period ended in 1249. In this period were set up necessary structures, such as international diplomacy, agriculture, population, commerce, education and culture, all that existed in the Portuguese territory a long time ago, particularly during the regency of Count Henrique of Burgundy. Count Henrique of Burgundy travelled to Rome and Jerusalem, France and other Hispanic kingdoms, and was the nephew of the most powerful diplomat of his time, Saint Bernard, leading Henrique to bring the cosmopolitan Order of the Temple to his fief when it was just created. The end of the House of Burgundy began in 1383 with the death of Ferdinand I. The heiress to the throne was Infanta Beatrice, sole daughter of Ferdinand and wife of John I of Castile. Although frequently forgotten from the monarchs of the country, she was acclaimed queen of Portugal in 1383 after her father's death, but the possibility of loss of independence to Castile due to her marriage triggered a civil war and an Interregnum period known as the 1383-1385 Crisis.
[edit] House of Aviz, or Joannine Dynasty, (1385–ca. 1580)
The second dynasty of Portuguese Royalty is known as the House of Aviz, after John, Master of the military Order of Aviz, who later became John I of Portugal. The institution of House of Aviz followed the dynastic crisis that originated from the death of Ferdinand I in 1383. With the Portuguese victory in the Battle of Aljubarrota in 1385, John I, half-brother of Ferdinand and natural son of Pedro I, confirmed the kingship which had been bestowed upon him at the Cortes of Coimbra in April 1385. This period of Portuguese history is considered to include the ascension of Portugal to the status of a European and world power. The first act of expansion was the conquest of Ceuta in 1415 and was followed by the exploration, colonization and commerce exercised in Africa, Asia and Brazil. It also includes the height of the Portuguese Empire during the reign of Manuel I and the beginning of its decline during John III's reign. John III was succeeded in 1557 by his grandson Sebastian, who died, aged 24 and childless, in the Battle of Alcácer Quibir. He was succeeded by his great-uncle Henry, aged 66, who, as a Catholic Cardinal, had no children either. Cardinal-King Henry died two years later and the struggle for the throne started between the different claimants, including Catherine, Duchess of Braganza, Philip II of Spain and Anthony, Prior of Crato. Anthony was acclaimed king in several cities around the country in 1580, 20 days before Philip II of Spain invaded Portugal and defeated the supporters of Anthony in the Battle of Alcântara. Although Anthony continued to "rule the country" from the Azores Islands until 1583, the date of 1580 is generally accepted as the end of the House of Aviz as a Portuguese Royal House. The last king of the House of Aviz is subject to debate, with only some historians accepting the period of 20 days between Anthony's acclamation and the Battle of Alcântara as the reign of Anthony I of Portugal.
[edit] House of Aviz-Beja
[edit] Portuguese House of Habsburg, or Philippine Dynasty (1580–1640)The Portuguese House of Habsburg is known in Portugal as the Philippine Dynasty after the three Spanish kings named Philip who ruled from 1580 to 1640. The dynasty began with the acclamation of Philip II of Spain as Philip I of Portugal in 1580, officially recognized in 1581 by the Cortes of Tomar. Philip I swore to rule Portugal as a kingdom separate from his Spanish domains, under the system known as a Personal Union; these promises were to be progressively forgotten by his successors. Under Philip II, the Portuguese Empire began to fall apart because of the pressure from the enemies of Spain. Philip II and Philip III of Portugal did not rule by themselves, and had powerful Castilian validos (Castilian name for favourite prime-ministers). Even if Portugal was ruled apart from the other realms of the Habsburgs in Madrid, by the Council of Portugal, exclusively by Portuguese nobles or by royal family ones, and kept his empire to himself, his own currency, his arms and flag, his taxes at the Castilian borderline, sometimes his own ambassadors, the Portuguese nobles remaining in Portugal feel they lost political and economic strength, differently from those Portuguese nobles staying at the court in Madrid, very rich and powerful. Especially after Castilian military support to Portuguese empire against Dutch occupation in northern Brazil showed to be a failure. And when the Castilian valido Olivares, following Richelieu model in France, established a plan to unify the administration, military service, and taxes of all distinct monarchies of Philip III in Europe, not respectful of the Dual Monarchy between Lisbon and Madrid, the fact provoked a rising by the nobility in 1640, known after the 19th century by romantic historians as the Restoration of Independence (Portuguese: Restauração da Independência). In the 17th century and afterwards, it was simply known as the Acclamation War, as it simply restored in their stolen royal rights the House of Braganza, deposing a tyrant king, and acclaiming (or electing) another more suitable to the country, as it has been done already several times before in Portuguese history. The bloodless revolution began joyfully in Lisbon the 1st December 1640, and was soon supported throughout the country and its colonies, bringing Portugal to the Thirty Years War scene till peace was finally settled, after twenty eight years of War with Castile in Europe, and with Holland in Asia, America and Africa, in 1668.
[edit] House of Braganza, or Brigantine Dynasty (1640–1910)
The House of Braganza (Portuguese: Casa de Bragança) traced its origins to 1442 when the Duchy of Braganza was created by the Regent, Infante Dom Pedro, Duke of Coimbra, and offered to his brother Afonso, Count of Barcelos, a natural son of John I. The royal lineage of dukes that followed married into the House of Aviz and became one of the most important noble families of the country. Infanta Catarina, granddaughter of Manuel I and Duchess of Braganza by marriage to John, 6th Duke of Braganza (himself the heir of the dynastic rights of Jaime, Duke of Braganza, acclaimed heir to the throne in 1495 by the Cortes), joined the two houses in 1565. In 1580, she was one of the claimants to the throne, but lost it by military force to Philip I of Habsburg. In 1640, with the Restoration of Independence, John, grandson of Catarina and 8th Duke of Braganza, was acknowledged as the legitimate heir to the throne as the great great grandson of Manuel I. The fourth dynasty saw the growth of the importance of Brazilian gold, the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, the Napoleonic invasion, the independence of Brazil and a civil war followed by Liberalism. The growth of a republican movement during the end of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th culminated in the 1908 assassination of the second last King of Portugal, Carlos I. Two years later in 1910 the republican revolution forced Manuel II into exile, thus putting an end to the Portuguese fourth dynasty. The House of Braganza continues unofficially until today, and the title of Duke of Braganza is still used by Duarte Pio, the 24th Duke of Bragança and the presumptive heir to the throne of Portugal. [edit] House of Braganza
[edit] House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and GothaMain article: History of Portugal (1834–1910) With the marriage of Mary II, Queen of Portugal, to Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha during the 4th Dynasty, the House of Braganza continued in Portugal, as in this country is familiar with family names being passed by female lines. The surname Braganza continued to be present in all royals, and the Royal House was still known in Portugal as The House of Braganza. However, some foreign historians consider the existence of a House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.
The chronology of the heads of state of Portugal continues on List of Presidents of Portugal. [edit] StyleDuring the history of Portuguese monarchy, the Portuguese kings used the following styles:
The style of address to the sovereign is as follows:
[edit] Notes
[edit] See also
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[edit] External links
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