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For other uses, see Pons (disambiguation). The pons (sometimes pons Varolii after Costanzo Varolio, a 16th-century Italian anatomist and surgeon) is a structure located on the brain stem. It is cranial to (up from) the medulla oblongata, caudal to (down from) the midbrain, and ventral to (in front of) the cerebellum. In humans and other bipeds this means it is above the medulla, below the midbrain, and anterior to the cerebellum. Its white matter includes tracts that conduct signals from the cerebrum down to the cerebellum and medulla, and tracts that carry the sensory signals up into the thalamus.[1] The pons regulates relaxation, and is associated with the sense of higher purpose. The pons contains nuclei that relay signals from the cerebrum to the cerebellum, along with nuclei that deal primarily with sleep, respiration, swallowing, bladder control, hearing, equilibrium, taste, eye movement, facial expressions, facial sensation, and posture.[2] Pons is Latin for bridge. Within the pons is the pneumotaxic center, a nucleus in the pons that regulates the change from inspiration to expiration.[3]
[edit] Embryonic DevelopmentDuring embryonic development the embryonic metencephalon develops into two structures: the pons and the cerebellum.[4] [edit] Cranial nerve nucleiA number of cranial nerve nuclei are present in the pons:
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[edit] ReferencesSaladin Kenneth S.(2007) Anatomy & physiology the unity of form and function. Dubuque, IA: McGraw-Hill [edit] External links
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