A portable jackhammer being used to break up the road surface during roadworks. A pneumatic hose can be seen leading to the compressor on the back of the truck. The operator is using his body weight to increase the effectiveness of the device.

An excavator-mounted hydraulic jackhammer being used to break up the road surface during preparatory works for a new sewage line.

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A pneumatic drill or jackhammer is a portable percussive drill powered by compressed air (though the same type of equipment mounted to construction machinery can also be hydraulically powered). It is used to drill rock and break up pavement, among other applications. The operation is similar to a hammer and chisel, with an internal hammer driven in both directions by alternate blasts of compressed air: first down to strike the back of the bit, then back up to repeat the cycle, while the chisel (or bit) usually recovers from the stroke by means of a spring.

A rotary drill powered by compressed air is called an air-drill or familiarly, a windy-drill or rotary hammer.) The word jackhammer is used in North American English and in Australia, and pneumatic drill is used colloquially elsewhere in the English speaking world, although (road) breaker is used in the trade.^[1]

[edit] Overview

Drilling a blast hole with a jackhammer, Douglas Dam on the French Broad River, Tennessee Valley Authority 1942.

The portable pneumatic jackhammer is impractical for use against walls and steep slopes, as this would require the user to both support the weight of the tool, and provide the horizontal force needed to drive the tool back against the work after each blow. A technique developed by experienced laborers is the use of two man teams to overcome this obstacle of gravity. One laborer operates the hammer and the second assists by holding the hammer either on his shoulders or cradled in his arms. Both use their combined weight to push the bit into the workface. This method is commonly referred to as horizontal jackhammering. Another method is overhead jackhammering, requiring strength conditioning and endurance to hold a smaller jackhammer, called a rivet buster, over one's head.

Its pneumatic hose connections are designed so that any hose will connect with any other hose without attention to male and female hose-ends. see Gender of connectors and fasteners.

[edit] Air supply

Compressor for running a pneumatic drill / jackhammer.

The air supply for a jackhammer usually comes from a portable compressor driven by a diesel engine. Reciprocating compressors were formerly used. The unit comprised a reciprocating compressor driven, through a centrifugal clutch, by a diesel engine. The engine's governor provided only two speeds:

• idling, when the clutch was disengaged
• maximum, when the clutch was engaged and the compressor was running

Modern versions use rotary compressors and have more sophisticated variable governors. The unit is usually mounted on a trailer and sometimes includes an electrical generator to supply lights or electric power tools. Makes of portable compressor sold in the UK include Atlas Copco, CompAir and Ingersoll Rand.

[edit] Hydraulic operation

A hydraulic jackhammer, much larger than portable ones, may be fitted to mechanical excavators or backhoes and is widely used for roadwork, quarrying and general demolition or construction groundwork. Such tools can also be used against vertical walls (or ceilings for that matter), since the vehicles involved are massive enough and powerful enough to exert the forces involved without needing the help of gravity in operating the tool. Pneumatic or hydraulic tools are particularly likely to be used in mines where there is an explosion risk (such as underground coal mines), since they lack any high-power electrical circuitry that might cause a triggering spark.

Hydraulic breakers usually use a hydraulic motor driving a sealed pneumatic hammer system, as a hydraulic hammer would develop a low strike speed and transfer unacceptable shock loads to the pump system.

[edit] Electro-mechanical operation

Makita single phase demolition breaker.

While the term "jackhammer" is occasionally used to mean "pneumatic drill", the electromechanical tool that performs the same function is normally the one called a "jackhammer" in Britain. This tool is useful where the work is light and inaccessible to compressor.

The Makita breaker pictured uses standard 25mm (1") points and chisels identical to the ones used in medium sized pneumatic tools. It uses 1300 Watts of power and weighs about 19 kg (about 42 pounds) with a point installed.

This type and size of machine is commonly rented by amateurs for renovation jobs.

[edit] Health

Pneumatic drill / jackhammer, with black silencer attached

The sound of the hammer blows, combined with the explosive air exhaust, makes pneumatic jackhammers dangerously loud, emitting 100 decibels at two meters. Sound-blocking earmuffs must be worn by the operator to prevent a form of hearing damage of which tinnitus is the main symptom. Most pneumatic jackhammers now have a silencer around the barrel of the tool.

Prolonged exposure to the pronounced vibration set up by the tool can lead to blood-circulation failures in the fingers, a condition known as white finger. Applying athletic tape is not effective in preventing white finger but seems to help alleviate some of its discomfort. Pneumatic drill usage can also lead to a predisposition for development of carpal tunnel syndrome.

[edit] Components

• Spade - provides flat finish for concrete or edging in asphalt or dirt
• Flat tip - allows direction control or finer edge finish
• Point - general breaking
• Stake driver - drives concrete form stakes
• Scrabbler - finishes surface smooth or for cleaning prior to bonding

[edit] References

[edit] External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Jackhammer

• Using a jack hammer non commercial help site.