Peter Krešimir IV the Great
King of Croatia
Statue to Petar Krešimir IV
Reign	1058 – 1074
Coronation	1059
Predecessor	Stephen I of Croatia
Successor	Dmitar Zvonimir
House	House of Trpimirović, House of Krešimirović
Father	Stephen I of Croatia
Born	Venice ?
Died	1074
Burial	Church of St. Stephen, Solin

Peter Krešimir IV, called the Great (Croatian: Petar Krešimir IV Veliki), was a notably energetic King of Croatia from 1059 to his death in 1074. He was the last great ruler of the Krešimirović branch of the House of Trpimirović. Under his rule the Croatian realm reached its peak territorially, earning him the sobriquet "the Great," otherwise unique in Croatian history.^[1] He kept his seat at Nin and Biograd na Moru. The city of Šibenik holds a statue of him and is often called Krešimirov grad (Krešimir's city).^[2][3]

[edit] Political behaviour

[edit] Religious policy

Peter Krešimir IV. being recognized as a king by the diocese of Split.

Raised in Venice, Krešimir succeeded his father Stephen I upon his death in 1058 and was crowned the next year. From the outset, he continued the policies of his father, but was immediately commanded by Pope Nicholas II first in 1059. and then in 1060. to reform the Croatian church in accordance with the Roman rite. This was especially significant to the papacy in the aftermath of the Great Schism of 1054, when a papal ally in the Balkans was a necessity. Kresimir and the upper nobility lent their support to the pope and the church of Rome.

The lower nobility and the peasantry, however, were far less well-disposed to reforms. The Croatian priesthood was aligned towards Byzantine orientalism, including having long beards and marrying. Moreso, the ecclesiastical service was likely practiced in the native Slavonic (Glagolitic), whereas the pope demanded practice in Latin. This caused a rebellion of the clergy against celibacy and the Latin liturgy in 1063, but they were proclaimed heretical at a synod of 1064. and excommunicated, a decision which Kresimir supported. He harshly quelled all opposition and sustained a firm alignment towards western Romanism, with the intent of more fully integrating the Dalmatian populace into his realm. In turn, he could then use them to balance the power caused by the growing feudal class. By the end of Krešimir's reign, feudalism had made permanent inroads into Croatian society and Dalmatia had been permanently associated with the Croatian state.^[4]

The income from the cities further strengthened Krešimir's power, and he subsequently fostered the development of more cities, such as Biograd, Nin, Šibenik, Karin, and Skradin. He also had several monasteries constructed and donated much land to the Church. In 1066, he granted a charter to the new monastery of St.Mary in Zadar, where the founder and first nun was his cousin, the Abbess Čika. This remains the oldest Croatian monument in the city of Zadar, and became a spearhead for the reform movement. As recently as 1055 Zadar had been under direct Byzantine, and hence not Papal, rule. Several other Benedictine monasteries were founded during his reign, including Biograd.

[edit] Territorial policy

King's confirmation of donating land parcels to the diocese of Rap.

Krešimir greatly expanded Croatia along the Adriatic coastland and in the mainland eastwards. He made the ban of Slavonia, Dmitar Zvonimir, of the related Svetoslavić brand of his house, his principal adviser with the title Duke (or ban) of Croatia. This act brought Slavonia into the Croatian fold definitively. Krešimir also peacefully re-annexed Pannonia.

In 1069., he gave the island of Maun, near Nin, to the monastery of St Krševan in Zadar, in thanks for the "expansion of the kingdom on land and on sea, by the grace of the omnipotent God" (quia Deus omnipotenus terra marique nostrum prolungavit regnum). In his surviving document, Krešimir nevertheless did not fail to point out that it was "our own island that lies on our Dalmatian sea" (nostram propriam insulam in nostro Dalmatico mari sitam, que vocatur Mauni).^[5]

[edit] Relations with Byzantium and the Normans

In 1069., Krešimir had the Byzantine Empire recognize him as supreme ruler of the parts of Dalmatia Byzantium had controlled since the Croatian dynastic struggle of 997. At the time, the empire was at war both with the Seljuk Turks in Asia and the Normans in southern Italy, so Krešimir took the opportunity and, avoiding an imperial nomination as proconsul or eparch, consolidated his holdings as the regnum Dalmatiae et Chroatia. This was not a formal title, but it designated a unified political-administrative territory, which had been the chief desire of the Croatian kings.^[5]

During Krešimir's reign, the Normans first became involved in Balkan politics and Krešimir soon came in contact with them. After the 1071 Battle of Manzikert, where the Seljuk Turks routed the Eastern Imperial army, the Serbs instigated a rebellion of Slavic boyars in Macedonia. In 1072, Krešimir lent his aid to the uprising. However, against all odds, the empire relatively quickly retaliated, in 1074. In November 1075., the Norman Count Amico invaded Croatia from southern Italy, either at the command of Constantinople or on behalf of the Dalmaitan cities (by invitation to protect them from Croatian domination). Amico besieged Rab for almost a month (late April to early May). He failed to take the island, but he did manage to capture the Croatian king himself at an unidentified location. In return for liberation Krešimir was forced to relinquish many cities, including both his capitals, as well as Zadar, Split, and Trogir. His followers also collected a large ransom. However, he was not liberated. Over the next two years, the Republic of Venice banished the Normans and secured the cities for themselves.^[6]

[edit] Death and succession

Nearing the end of his reign, Krešimir had no sons, but only a daughter named Neda. His brothers were dead, so the end of Krešimir meant the end of the usurper Krešimir III of Croatia branch of Trpimirović dynasty. Krešimir designated his cousin and duke of Slavonia, Demetrius Zvonimir, as his heir with which he has restored Svetoslav Suronja branch of dynasty. Zvonimir deposed him and he died in a Norman prison.

In 1075, Krešimir was buried in the church of St. Stephen in Solin, together with the other dukes and kings of Croatia. Unfortunately, several centuries later the Ottoman Turks destroyed the church, banished the monks who had preserved it, and destroyed the graves.

[edit] References

[edit] See also

• History of Croatia

[edit] External links

• A romantic portrait of Kresimir.
• Map of Kingdom of Croatia during Kresimir IV.

v • d • e House of Trpimirović Trpimir I (845–864) · Zdeslav (878–879) · Muncimir (892–910) · Tomislav (910–928) · Trpimir II (928–935) · Krešimir I (935–945) · Miroslav (945–949) · Michael Krešimir II (949–969) · Stephen Držislav (969–997) · Svetoslav Suronja (997–1000) · Krešimir III (1000– c. 1030) · Gojslav (1000–c. 1020) · Stephen I (c. 1030–1058) · Peter Krešimir IV (1058–1074) · Demetrius Zvonimir (1075–1089) · Stephen II (1089–1091)