Engraving facing the title page of an 18th Century edition of Plutarch's Lives

Plutarch's Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans, commonly called Parallel Lives or Plutarch's Lives, is a series of biographies of famous men, arranged in tandem to illuminate their common moral virtues or failings, written in the late 1st Century. The surviving Parallel Lives (in Greek: Bioi parallèloi), as they are more properly and commonly known, contain twenty-three pairs of biographies, each pair consisting of one Greek and one Roman, as well as four unpaired, single lives. It is a work of considerable importance, not only as a source of information about the individuals biographized, but also about the times in which they lived.

As he explains in the first paragraph of his Life of Alexander, Plutarch was not concerned with writing histories, as such, but in exploring the influence of character—good or bad—on the lives and destinies of famous men. The first pair of Lives—the Epaminondas–Scipio Africanus—no longer exists, and many of the remaining lives are truncated, contain obvious lacunae and/or have been tampered with by later writers.

His Life of Alexander is one of the five surviving secondary or tertiary sources about Alexander the Great and it includes anecdotes and descriptions of incidents that appear in no other source. Likewise, his portrait of Numa Pompilius, an early Roman king, also contains unique information about the early Roman calendar.

[edit] Biographies

Greek Wikisource has original text related to this article: Plutarch

Plutarch structured his Lives by alternating lives of famous Greeks ("Grecians") with those of famous Romans. After such a set of two (and one set of four) lives he generally writes out a comparison of the preceding biographies.

The table below links to several on-line English translations of Plutarch's Lives^[1]; see also "Other links" section below. The LacusCurtius site has the complete set; the others are incomplete to varying extents. There are also four paperbacks published by Penguin Books, two with Greek lives, two Roman, rearranged in chronological order, and containing a total of 36 of the lives.

[edit] Key to abbreviations

D = Dryden

Dryden is famous for having lent his name as editor-in-chief to the first complete English translation of Plutarch's Lives. This 17th century translation is available at The MIT Internet Classics Archive.

These translations are linked with D in the table below; those marked (D) in parentheses are incomplete in the HTML version.

G = Project Gutenberg

Project Gutenberg contains several versions of 19th century translations of these Lives, see: http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/authrec?fk_authors=342 and http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/14114

The full text version (TXT) of the English poet, Arthur Hugh Clough's translation is available (via download) at Gutenberg.

These translations are linked with G in the table below.

L = LacusCurtius

LacusCurtius has the Loeb translation by Bernadotte Perrin (published 1914‑1926) of part of the Moralia and all the Lives; see http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/home.html

These translations are linked with L in the table below.

P = Perseus Project

The Perseus Project has several of the Lives, see: http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cache/perscoll_Greco-Roman.html

The Lives available on the Perseus website are in Greek and English according to the Loeb edition by Bernadotte Perrin; and/or in English according to an abbreviated version of the Thomas North translations^[2]. This last edition concentrates on those of the Lives Shakespeare based his plays upon: Thomas North's translation of most of the Lives, based on a French version published in the 16th century, preceded Dryden's translation mentioned above.

These translations are linked with P in the table below.

Notes

1. ^  The last line of the table contains the four "unpaired" lives, as mentioned above.
2. ^  The Perseus project also contains a biography of Caesar Augustus appearing in the North translation, but not coming from Plutarch's Parallel Lives: P
3. ^  Though the majority of the Parallel Lives were written with the Greek hero (or heroes) placed in the first position followed by the Roman hero, there are three sets of Lives where this order is reversed : Aemilius Paulus-Timoleon, Coriolanus-Alcibiades and Sertorius-Eumenes.
4. ^  At the time of composing this table there appears some confusion in the internal linking of the Perseus project webpages, responsible for this split in two references.

[edit] Chronology of the lives

The following chronology of legendary and historical figures whose biographies appear in the Lives is organized by date of death, as birth dates in antiquity are more often uncertain. All dates are BC except Galba and Otho.

• Theseus 1234 – 1204 (myth)
• Romulus 771 – 717 (myth)
• Numa Pompilius d. 673 (Semi-Legendary)
• Lycurgus circa 700 – 630 (Semi-Legendary)
• Solon 638 – 558
• Poplicola d. 503
• Coriolanus c. 475
• Aristides 530 – 468
• Themistocles 524- 459
• Cimon 510 – 450
• Pericles 495 - 429
• Artaxerxes d. 424
• Nicias 470 – 413
• Alcibiades 450 - 404
• Lysander d. 395
• Camillus 446 - 365
• Pelopidas d. 364
• Agesilaus 444 – 360
• Dion 408 - 354
• Timoleon 411 - 337
• Alexander the Great 356 - 323
• Demosthenes 384 - 322
• Phocion 402 – 318
• Eumenes 362 - 316
• Demetrius d. 283
• Pyrrhus 318 - 272
• Agis c. 245
• Cleomenes d. 219
• Aratus 271 – 213
• Marcellus 268 - 208
• Fabius Maximus 275 – 203
• Philopoemen 253 - 183
• Flamininus 228 - 174
• Aemilius Paulus 229-160
• Cato the Elder 234 – 149
• Tiberius Gracchus 163 - 132
• Gaius Gracchus 154 - 121
• Gaius Marius 157 - 86
• Sulla 138 - 78
• Sertorius b. c. 123 – d. 72
• Lucullus 118 - 56
• Crassus 115 - 53
• Pompey 106 - 48
• Cato the Younger 95 – 46
• Julius Caesar 100 or 102 - 44
• Cicero 106 – 43
• Brutus 85 – 42
• Mark Antony 83 - 30
• Galba 3 BC – 69 AD
• Otho 32 AD – 69 AD

[edit] External links

This article needs references that appear in reliable third-party publications. Primary sources or sources affiliated with the subject are generally not sufficient for a Wikipedia article. Please add more appropriate citations from reliable sources. (August 2008)

• Plutarch's Life of Alexander, Dryden translation (pdf)
• A website dedicated to Plutarch's Parallel Lives and some modern updates