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Panarthropoda
	Velvet worm
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota;
(unranked):	Opisthokonta;
Kingdom:	Animalia;
Subkingdom:	Eumetazoa;
(unranked):	Bilateria; Protostomia;
Superphylum:	Ecdysozoa;
(unranked):	Panarthropoda; Nielsen, 1997
Phyla
	Arthropoda; Onychophora; Tardigrada; Lobopodia†

Panarthropoda is a taxon^[1] combining the phyla Arthropoda, Tardigrada and Onychophora.^[2] Dunn et al. in 2008 suggested that the tardigrada could be grouped along with the nematodes, leaving Onychophora as the sister group to the arthropods.^[3] Originally, they were considered to be closely related to the annelids, grouped together as the Articulata, but newer studies place them among a group called the Ecdysozoa.

Common characteristics of the Panarthropoda include the presence of legs and claws, a ventral nervous system, and a segmented body.

The term "Lobopoda" is sometimes used to describe onychophorans and tardigrades only.^[4]

[edit] References

^ Claus Nielsen (1997). Animal Evolution: Interrelationships of the Living Phyla. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850682-1.
^ Telford MJ, Bourlat SJ, Economou A, Papillon D, Rota-Stabelli O (April 2008). "The evolution of the Ecdysozoa". Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci. 363 (1496): 1529–37. doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2243. PMID 18192181. PMC 2614232. http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=18192181.
^ Dunn et al. (2008). "Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life". Nature 452: 745–749. doi:10.1038/nature06614. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v452/n7188/abs/nature06614.html.
^ Cavalier-Smith T (August 1998). "A revised six-kingdom system of life". Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 73 (3): 203–66. PMID 9809012. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/resolve/openurl?genre=article&sid=nlm:pubmed&issn=1464-7931&date=1998&volume=73&issue=3&spage=203.

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[0] Claus Nielsen (1997). Animal Evolution: Interrelationships of the Living Phyla. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850682-1.

[pmid18192181-1] Telford MJ, Bourlat SJ, Economou A, Papillon D, Rota-Stabelli O (April 2008). "The evolution of the Ecdysozoa". Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci. 363 (1496): 1529–37. doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2243. PMID 18192181. PMC 2614232. http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=18192181.

[nature_phylo-2] Dunn et al. (2008). "Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life". Nature 452: 745–749. doi:10.1038/nature06614. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v452/n7188/abs/nature06614.html.

[pmid9809012-3] Cavalier-Smith T (August 1998). "A revised six-kingdom system of life". Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 73 (3): 203–66. PMID 9809012. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/resolve/openurl?genre=article&sid=nlm:pubmed&issn=1464-7931&date=1998&volume=73&issue=3&spage=203.

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